release: 0.72.1 (improvement/polish-tail)

The S4 Play-all wrapper had no test — a regression inverting the empty-queue
guard or dropping the notice would re-introduce the silent no-op it was added
to fix, and stay green. Adds a PlexCollectionView DOM test (spied api +
notify) asserting: a leaf queues as itself, a show expands to its episodes in
season->episode order, and an empty expansion surfaces plex.collection.playEmpty
instead of no-op'ing.

.git-blame-ignore-revs

@@ -4,3 +4,6 @@
 #
 # Prettier one-time repo-wide format pass (R2 S1b, 2026-07-21)
 51c36c2071728d2cd7ae580b7bfdf21f6867a347
+
+# ruff format one-time backend + scripts pass (line-length 100, 2026-08-23)
+b1832afd180866b922521148603db447020c57a4

.gitea/workflows/check.yml

@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@ jobs:
       - run: pip install --no-cache-dir -r backend/requirements.lock -r backend/requirements-dev.txt
       - name: ruff
         run: python -m ruff check --config backend/ruff.toml backend scripts
+      - name: ruff format --check
+        run: python -m ruff format --check --config backend/ruff.toml backend scripts
       - name: pytest
         run: python -m pytest
         working-directory: backend

CLAUDE.md

@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ provider.
 
 ## The gate — never merge or ship red
 
-The local gate is **ruff + typecheck (3 tsc projects) + eslint + prettier --check + knip + vitest +
+The local gate is **ruff (`check` + `format --check`) + typecheck (3 tsc projects) + eslint + prettier
-pytest**. It runs on every `publish`, which **refuses to build on failure — there is deliberately no
+--check + knip + vitest + pytest**. It runs on every `publish`, which **refuses to build on failure — there is deliberately no
 `--skip` flag.** Run it and get it green **before** any merge, release, or handing work to review.
 
 - Full gate (agents with the private ops dispatcher): `siftlode check`.
-- Directly, without the dispatcher: `cd frontend && npm run typecheck && npm run lint && npm run knip && npm run test`, plus backend `ruff check backend` and `pytest` (the DB-lane needs Postgres).
+- Directly, without the dispatcher: `cd frontend && npm run typecheck && npm run lint && npm run knip && npm run test`, plus backend `ruff check backend` + `ruff format --check backend` and `pytest` (the DB-lane needs Postgres).
 - New DB-backed test? It must actually run, not silently skip — assume `SIFTLODE_TEST_REQUIRE_DB=1`.
 
 ## Workflow
@@ -26,12 +26,33 @@ pytest**. It runs on every `publish`, which **refuses to build on failure — th
   keep commits logical and Conventional-Commit-styled.
 - **No AI attribution in commits.** No `Co-Authored-By` trailer, no "generated by" lines. (This file
   being AI-written is the intended, visible exception; commits are not.)
-- **Release is a deliberate, user-owned step** (`siftlode release` from the feature branch: merge to
+- **Release: user-owned in timing, agent-run in execution.** The user decides *when* to ship; on their
-  `main` → publish → deploy → verify `/api/version`). Do not self-ship; bring work to a green,
+  go-ahead *you* run `siftlode release` from the feature branch (merge to `main` → publish → deploy →
-  committed state and stop for the user's go-ahead.
+  verify `/api/version`). Never self-ship — bring work to a green, committed state and stop for the
+  go-ahead first, then run it yourself.
 - **Public repo.** Keep ops/topology/secrets out — those live in a separate private repo. Nothing here
   should assume or leak them.
 
+## Collaboration — how to work with the human
+
+The human is the product owner: they bring ideas and requirements. You are the technical lead — you own
+how it gets built. Concretely:
+
+- **Plan before you build.** For anything non-trivial, present a short plan (sprint-level for larger
+  work) and get a go-ahead before writing code.
+- **Offer choices, mark the optimal — and explain the trade-off.** When several solutions are viable,
+  list them and mark the recommended one. This is the *one* place to spend extra words: give the *why*
+  behind each option and the weight of the decision. These decision points are where the product owner
+  engages with the build and learns from it, so make them understandable — a reasoned menu, not a bare one.
+- **Mockups for design/UX decisions.** For any visual or interaction choice, show mockup options to
+  choose from before building.
+- **Challenge unsound requests.** If a request is technically ill-advised and you can back it with real
+  arguments, push back or propose an alternative — don't comply blindly.
+- **Verify UI in the browser before calling it done.** tsc/unit/DOM tests miss visual and interaction
+  bugs; do a real visual check of any UI change.
+- **Be terse everywhere else.** Outside those decision points, lead with the answer or decision. During
+  implementation and debugging especially: no restating the same point reworded, no filler.
+
 ## Architecture shape (don't fight it)
 
 `routes/*` (HTTP only: validation, auth-dependency, serialization) → domain packages `sync/`, `plex/`,
@@ -79,5 +100,6 @@ CQRS, a repository/DI framework, a router library, a generic CRUD-router factory
 
 ---
 
-*A fuller written-conventions doc (`docs/development.md`) is planned; once it lands, this file slims to a
+*Run-it-locally and the full gate commands live in [`docs/development.md`](docs/development.md); backend
-pointer plus the gate/workflow/no-attribution rules. Until then, the table above is the source of truth.*
+code conventions in [`backend/app/README.md`](backend/app/README.md). This file stays the source of
+truth for the canonical-patterns table and the gate/workflow/collaboration rules above.*

VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-0.67.0
+0.72.1

backend/alembic/versions/0001_initial.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0001_initial
 Revises:
 Create Date: 2026-06-11
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0002_ingest_core.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0002_ingest_core
 Revises: 0001_initial
 Create Date: 2026-06-11
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0003_tags.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0003_tags
 Revises: 0002_ingest_core
 Create Date: 2026-06-11
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0004_feed_state_prefs.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0004_feed_state_prefs
 Revises: 0003_tags
 Create Date: 2026-06-11
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0005_shorts_probed.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0005_shorts_probed
 Revises: 0004_feed_state_prefs
 Create Date: 2026-06-11
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0006_app_state.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0006_app_state
 Revises: 0005_shorts_probed
 Create Date: 2026-06-11
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0007_deep_requested.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0007_deep_requested
 Revises: 0006_app_state
 Create Date: 2026-06-11
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0008_invites.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0008_invites
 Revises: 0007_deep_requested
 Create Date: 2026-06-12
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op
@@ -22,9 +23,7 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         "invites",
         sa.Column("id", sa.Integer(), primary_key=True),
         sa.Column("email", sa.String(length=320), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column(
+        sa.Column("status", sa.String(length=16), nullable=False, server_default="pending"),
-            "status", sa.String(length=16), nullable=False, server_default="pending"
-        ),
         sa.Column("note", sa.Text(), nullable=True),
         sa.Column(
             "requested_at",

backend/alembic/versions/0009_quota_events.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0009_quota_events
 Revises: 0008_invites
 Create Date: 2026-06-12
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0010_watch_progress.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0010_watch_progress
 Revises: 0009_quota_events
 Create Date: 2026-06-14
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0011_playlists.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0011_playlists
 Revises: 0010_watch_progress
 Create Date: 2026-06-15
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op
@@ -26,16 +27,10 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
             nullable=False,
         ),
         sa.Column("name", sa.String(length=255), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column(
+        sa.Column("kind", sa.String(length=16), nullable=False, server_default="user"),
-            "kind", sa.String(length=16), nullable=False, server_default="user"
+        sa.Column("source", sa.String(length=16), nullable=False, server_default="local"),
-        ),
-        sa.Column(
-            "source", sa.String(length=16), nullable=False, server_default="local"
-        ),
         sa.Column("yt_playlist_id", sa.String(length=64), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column(
+        sa.Column("dirty", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default="false"),
-            "dirty", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default="false"
-        ),
         sa.Column("position", sa.Integer(), nullable=False, server_default="0"),
         sa.Column(
             "created_at",

backend/alembic/versions/0012_watch_later.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Create Date: 2026-06-15
 Migrates the old per-video status='saved' into membership of a built-in 'watch_later'
 playlist (one per user who had saved videos), then demotes those states to 'new'.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0013_playlist_fingerprint.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ a YouTube read. Backfills the baseline for already-clean linked playlists (the c
 state == the synced state for them); dirty ones are left NULL so they stay dirty until the
 next real sync establishes a baseline.
 """
+
 import hashlib
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
@@ -32,24 +33,18 @@ def _fingerprint(name: str, ids: list[str]) -> str:
 
 
 def upgrade() -> None:
-    op.add_column(
+    op.add_column("playlists", sa.Column("synced_fingerprint", sa.String(), nullable=True))
-        "playlists", sa.Column("synced_fingerprint", sa.String(), nullable=True)
-    )
     bind = op.get_bind()
     # Backfill clean, YouTube-linked playlists: their current state IS the synced state.
     rows = bind.execute(
-        sa.text(
+        sa.text("SELECT id, name FROM playlists WHERE yt_playlist_id IS NOT NULL AND dirty = false")
-            "SELECT id, name FROM playlists "
-            "WHERE yt_playlist_id IS NOT NULL AND dirty = false"
-        )
     ).fetchall()
     for pid, name in rows:
         ids = [
             r[0]
             for r in bind.execute(
                 sa.text(
-                    "SELECT video_id FROM playlist_items "
+                    "SELECT video_id FROM playlist_items WHERE playlist_id = :pid ORDER BY position"
-                    "WHERE playlist_id = :pid ORDER BY position"
                 ),
                 {"pid": pid},
             ).fetchall()

backend/alembic/versions/0014_demo_account.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ Adds the shared demo-account plumbing:
 The demo user row itself is created lazily on first demo login (works across all three DBs
 without a data migration), so this only adds the schema.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -47,9 +48,7 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
             nullable=False,
         ),
     )
-    op.create_index(
+    op.create_index("ix_demo_whitelist_email", "demo_whitelist", ["email"], unique=True)
-        "ix_demo_whitelist_email", "demo_whitelist", ["email"], unique=True
-    )
 
 
 def downgrade() -> None:

backend/alembic/versions/0015_scheduler_settings.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Create Date: 2026-06-16
 Adds scheduler_settings: a per-job run-interval override (minutes), editable from the admin
 Scheduler dashboard. Absent row = use the env/config default, so this is purely additive.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0016_video_maintenance.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ the validation lifecycle (last_checked_at for rolling re-validation; unavailable
 unavailable_reason to flag a video as currently unplayable — hidden from the feed
 immediately, hard-deleted after a grace period). Purely additive; all columns nullable.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -26,7 +27,9 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
     op.add_column("videos", sa.Column("privacy_status", sa.String(length=16), nullable=True))
     op.add_column("videos", sa.Column("upload_status", sa.String(length=16), nullable=True))
     op.add_column("videos", sa.Column("last_checked_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True))
-    op.add_column("videos", sa.Column("unavailable_since", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column(
+        "videos", sa.Column("unavailable_since", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True)
+    )
     op.add_column("videos", sa.Column("unavailable_reason", sa.String(length=24), nullable=True))
     op.create_index("ix_videos_last_checked_at", "videos", ["last_checked_at"])
     op.create_index("ix_videos_unavailable_since", "videos", ["unavailable_since"])

backend/alembic/versions/0017_notifications.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ JSON payload column is named `data` (SQLAlchemy's declarative Base reserves `met
 First producer is the maintenance job's batched "videos removed" notice. Coexists with the
 existing client-side transient bell.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -36,18 +37,14 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("data", sa.JSON(), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("read", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default="false"),
         sa.Column("dismissed", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default="false"),
-        sa.Column(
+        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now()),
-            "created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now()
-        ),
     )
     op.create_index("ix_notifications_user_id", "notifications", ["user_id"])
     op.create_index("ix_notifications_type", "notifications", ["type"])
     op.create_index("ix_notifications_read", "notifications", ["read"])
     op.create_index("ix_notifications_created_at", "notifications", ["created_at"])
     # Fast unread-badge count + inbox listing per user.
-    op.create_index(
+    op.create_index("ix_notifications_user_read", "notifications", ["user_id", "read"])
-        "ix_notifications_user_read", "notifications", ["user_id", "read"]
-    )
 
 
 def downgrade() -> None:

backend/alembic/versions/0018_maintenance_batch_setting.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Adds app_state.maintenance_revalidate_batch: an admin-tunable override (from the
 dashboard) for how many videos the maintenance job re-validates per run. NULL = use the
 env/config default. Purely additive.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0019_user_yt_channel_id.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ channels.list?mine=true and cached. Used to exclude the user's own channel from
 playlist-discovery list (you don't subscribe to yourself). NULL = not resolved yet.
 Purely additive.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0020_rename_quota_actions.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ stored historical values to the canonical scheme defined in app.quota.QuotaActio
 fully reversible. (Scheduler job ids and progress phase labels are a separate namespace and
 are NOT touched.)
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0021_system_config.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Adds the system_config table: admin overrides for operational config that otherw
 from env/config defaults (see app.sysconfig for the registry of known keys). Secret values
 are stored Fernet-encrypted (encrypted flag). Purely additive; absent rows = use defaults.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0022_password_auth.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ google_sub nullable (password-only accounts have no Google sub until they link),
 single-use auth_tokens table for email verification + password reset. Existing rows are all
 Google/demo accounts → backfilled email_verified=true (is_active defaults true).
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0023_user_suspension.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Adds users.is_suspended — an admin-controlled access block, distinct from is_a
 approval lifecycle). A suspended account can't sign in (password or Google) and any live
 session is rejected; the user is told why and given the operator's contact.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0024_google_email_verified.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ email_verified=false (the callback didn't set it). Backfill those so the flag re
 matters because password-login gates on email_verified, so a Google user who later adds a password
 must count as verified. Demo/password-only rows (google_sub IS NULL) are left untouched.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0025_install_wizard.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Adds app_state.configured + setup_token_hash for the first-run install wizard. E
 (any users present) are marked configured so they never see the wizard; a genuinely fresh DB (no
 users) starts unconfigured and boots into setup mode.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0026_messages.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Adds the `messages` table for direct user-to-user messaging (notification module
 A conversation is the set of rows between two users; both FKs cascade so a GDPR account
 erasure removes that user's messages.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0027_message_e2ee.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ hold each user's public key + passphrase-wrapped private key (the server can nev
 Any pre-existing rows were plaintext with no keys, so they're dropped (the feature is unshipped;
 prod has none).
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0028_live_search_provenance.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ the Library by default:
   - channels.from_search   — this channel exists only because search surfaced one of its videos
 Both default false (every existing row is organic), indexed for the feed's exclude filter.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -25,16 +26,12 @@ depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
 def upgrade() -> None:
     op.add_column(
         "videos",
-        sa.Column(
+        sa.Column("via_search", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default="false"),
-            "via_search", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default="false"
-        ),
     )
     op.create_index("ix_videos_via_search", "videos", ["via_search"])
     op.add_column(
         "channels",
-        sa.Column(
+        sa.Column("from_search", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default="false"),
-            "from_search", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default="false"
-        ),
     )
     op.create_index("ix_channels_from_search", "channels", ["from_search"])
 

backend/alembic/versions/0029_unaccent_search.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ query wraps both sides in unaccent(); this migration just makes the function ava
 `unaccent` ships with the official postgres image (postgresql-contrib). The DB role is a
 superuser in our deployments, so CREATE EXTENSION succeeds; IF NOT EXISTS keeps it idempotent.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0030_search_finds.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ live YouTube search. This lets "videos I searched for" appear in that user's Min
 Mine Source filter), independent of the global `videos.via_search` flag (which marks a video as
 search-discovered by anyone, for the shared Library's Source filter).
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0031_title_fts.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ search stays accent-insensitive ("tiesto" matches "Tiësto"). A GIN expression i
 query uses the exact same expression so the planner picks the index. `unaccent` is already
 enabled (migration 0029). The config-based 2-arg to_tsvector is IMMUTABLE, so it's index-safe.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op
@@ -26,9 +27,7 @@ depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
 
 
 def upgrade() -> None:
-    op.execute(
+    op.execute("CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.unaccent_simple (COPY = pg_catalog.simple)")
-        "CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.unaccent_simple (COPY = pg_catalog.simple)"
-    )
     op.execute(
         """
         ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.unaccent_simple

backend/alembic/versions/0032_search_document.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ title-only expression index from 0031 is dropped (superseded). Existing rows get
 description indexed immediately; keywords/search_terms fill in as videos are (re-)enriched and
 searched. Uses the `unaccent_simple` config from 0031 (accent-insensitive).
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -48,9 +49,7 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         f"ALTER TABLE videos ADD COLUMN search_vector tsvector "
         f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ({_SEARCH_VECTOR_EXPR}) STORED"
     )
-    op.execute(
+    op.execute("CREATE INDEX ix_videos_search_vector ON videos USING gin (search_vector)")
-        "CREATE INDEX ix_videos_search_vector ON videos USING gin (search_vector)"
-    )
 
 
 def downgrade() -> None:

backend/alembic/versions/0033_channel_explore.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ un-subscribed channels):
     access to its ephemeral videos and drives the grace-period purge of un-kept channels.
 All new flags default false / NULL, so every existing row stays organic.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -30,9 +31,7 @@ depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
 
 def upgrade() -> None:
     op.add_column("channels", sa.Column("total_view_count", sa.BigInteger(), nullable=True))
-    op.add_column(
+    op.add_column("channels", sa.Column("published_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True))
-        "channels", sa.Column("published_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True)
-    )
     op.add_column("channels", sa.Column("banner_url", sa.String(length=1024), nullable=True))
     op.add_column("channels", sa.Column("external_links", sa.JSON(), nullable=True))
     op.add_column(

backend/alembic/versions/0034_blocked_channels.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Adds the `blocked_channels` table: a per-user blocklist. Videos from a blocked c
 never shown in that user's live YouTube search (and not ingested), and are hidden from their
 feed / explore views. Per-user, so one user's block doesn't affect anyone else.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0035_saved_views.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Adds the `saved_views` table: per-user named snapshots of the feed's filter/sort
 row stores the serialized FeedFilters (JSON), a sidebar `position` for drag-reorder, and an
 `is_default` flag (at most one per user, enforced by the API) for the view applied on load.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -26,9 +27,7 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("user_id", sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("name", sa.String(length=80), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("filters", sa.JSON(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column(
+        sa.Column("position", sa.Integer(), server_default=sa.text("0"), nullable=False),
-            "position", sa.Integer(), server_default=sa.text("0"), nullable=False
-        ),
         sa.Column(
             "is_default",
             sa.Boolean(),

backend/alembic/versions/0036_download_center.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED, live progress written back for polling); `download_profi
 reusable format presets (builtins seeded in the next migration); `download_shares` grant a file
 to another user; `download_quotas` hold admin-set per-user limits (default via sysconfig).
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -47,9 +48,16 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("ref_count", sa.Integer(), server_default="0", nullable=False),
         sa.Column("last_access_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("expires_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.text("now()"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "created_at",
+            sa.DateTime(timezone=True),
+            server_default=sa.text("now()"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
         sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
-        sa.UniqueConstraint("source_kind", "source_ref", "format_sig", name="uq_media_asset_cache_key"),
+        sa.UniqueConstraint(
+            "source_kind", "source_ref", "format_sig", name="uq_media_asset_cache_key"
+        ),
     )
     op.create_index("ix_media_assets_status", "media_assets", ["status"])
 
@@ -61,7 +69,12 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("spec", sa.JSON(), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("is_builtin", sa.Boolean(), server_default="false", nullable=False),
         sa.Column("sort_order", sa.Integer(), server_default="0", nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.text("now()"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "created_at",
+            sa.DateTime(timezone=True),
+            server_default=sa.text("now()"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
         sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["user_id"], ["users.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"),
         sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
     )
@@ -84,8 +97,18 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("phase", sa.String(length=32), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("error", sa.Text(), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("queue_pos", sa.Integer(), server_default="0", nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.text("now()"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
-        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.text("now()"), nullable=False),
+            "created_at",
+            sa.DateTime(timezone=True),
+            server_default=sa.text("now()"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "updated_at",
+            sa.DateTime(timezone=True),
+            server_default=sa.text("now()"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
         sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["user_id"], ["users.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"),
         sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["asset_id"], ["media_assets.id"], ondelete="SET NULL"),
         sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["profile_id"], ["download_profiles.id"], ondelete="SET NULL"),
@@ -102,7 +125,12 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("job_id", sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("from_user_id", sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("to_user_id", sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.text("now()"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "created_at",
+            sa.DateTime(timezone=True),
+            server_default=sa.text("now()"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
         sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["job_id"], ["download_jobs.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"),
         sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["from_user_id"], ["users.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"),
         sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["to_user_id"], ["users.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"),
@@ -120,7 +148,12 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("max_concurrent", sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("max_jobs", sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("unlimited", sa.Boolean(), server_default="false", nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.text("now()"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "updated_at",
+            sa.DateTime(timezone=True),
+            server_default=sa.text("now()"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
         sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["user_id"], ["users.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"),
         sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("user_id"),
     )

backend/alembic/versions/0037_download_builtin_profiles.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ definition consumed by app.downloads.formats: mode ("av" audio+video / "v" video
 the embed_*/sponsorblock postprocessor flags. Names are English (the UI default); the frontend
 localizes builtin labels by a stable key derived from the name.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0038_asset_gc_notified.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Create Date: 2026-07-03
 The download GC warns each holder once, a grace window before an asset's TTL expiry; this flag
 records that so subsequent GC runs don't re-notify until the asset is deleted.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0039_video_title_normalize.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ display-friendly form (emoji stripped, ALL-CAPS de-shouted, trailing SEO hashtag
 see app.titles). Reversible: original_title preserves the source, and title can be re-derived.
 The generated search_vector column regenerates automatically as each title is updated.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -45,5 +46,7 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
 
 def downgrade() -> None:
     conn = op.get_bind()
-    conn.execute(sa.text("UPDATE videos SET title = original_title WHERE original_title IS NOT NULL"))
+    conn.execute(
+        sa.text("UPDATE videos SET title = original_title WHERE original_title IS NOT NULL")
+    )
     op.drop_column("videos", "original_title")

backend/alembic/versions/0040_reset_builtin_profiles.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ rows so both fresh installs (0037 then this) and existing DBs converge on the sa
 jobs are unaffected (they snapshot their spec; profile_id just SET NULLs if it pointed at a
 replaced row).
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0041_download_edit.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ still hangs off a `media_assets` row (with `source_kind='edit'` and a per-user c
 existing file-serve / ref-count / GC / quota machinery is reused unchanged. `source_job_id` /
 `source_asset_id` point at the parent download; `edit_spec` is the trim/crop recipe.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -24,16 +25,10 @@ depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
 def upgrade() -> None:
     op.add_column(
         "download_jobs",
-        sa.Column(
+        sa.Column("job_kind", sa.String(length=16), server_default="download", nullable=False),
-            "job_kind", sa.String(length=16), server_default="download", nullable=False
-        ),
-    )
-    op.add_column(
-        "download_jobs", sa.Column("source_job_id", sa.Integer(), nullable=True)
-    )
-    op.add_column(
-        "download_jobs", sa.Column("source_asset_id", sa.Integer(), nullable=True)
     )
+    op.add_column("download_jobs", sa.Column("source_job_id", sa.Integer(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("download_jobs", sa.Column("source_asset_id", sa.Integer(), nullable=True))
     op.add_column("download_jobs", sa.Column("edit_spec", sa.JSON(), nullable=True))
     op.create_foreign_key(
         "fk_download_jobs_source_job",
@@ -54,12 +49,8 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
 
 
 def downgrade() -> None:
-    op.drop_constraint(
+    op.drop_constraint("fk_download_jobs_source_asset", "download_jobs", type_="foreignkey")
-        "fk_download_jobs_source_asset", "download_jobs", type_="foreignkey"
+    op.drop_constraint("fk_download_jobs_source_job", "download_jobs", type_="foreignkey")
-    )
-    op.drop_constraint(
-        "fk_download_jobs_source_job", "download_jobs", type_="foreignkey"
-    )
     op.drop_column("download_jobs", "edit_spec")
     op.drop_column("download_jobs", "source_asset_id")
     op.drop_column("download_jobs", "source_job_id")

backend/alembic/versions/0042_download_links.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ can watch the file on the public `/watch/{token}` player page — no account nee
 per-link controls: an expiry, an "allow download" toggle, and an (argon2-hashed) password. Revoke
 = delete the row. Distinct from `download_shares` (an ACL grant to another *registered* user).
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -31,7 +32,12 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("password_hash", sa.Text(), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("expires_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("view_count", sa.Integer(), server_default="0", nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.text("now()"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "created_at",
+            sa.DateTime(timezone=True),
+            server_default=sa.text("now()"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
         sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["job_id"], ["download_jobs.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"),
         sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["created_by"], ["users.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"),
         sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),

backend/alembic/versions/0043_asset_source_url.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Stores yt-dlp's canonical `webpage_url` for a download's source, so the Download
 clean "downloaded from" reference (copyable + openable). Nullable — filled by the worker on
 extraction; existing/queued rows fall back to a URL derived from source_kind+source_ref.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0044_plex_catalog.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ Plex server (playback is from the local physical file; Plex is metadata only). T
 The generated `search_vector` columns + their GIN indexes are added via raw SQL (same approach
 as migration 0032), reusing the `unaccent_simple` text-search config from migration 0031.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -52,8 +53,12 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("kind", sa.String(length=16), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("enabled", sa.Boolean(), server_default="true", nullable=False),
         sa.Column("synced_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
-        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False),
+            "created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False
+        ),
     )
     op.create_index("ix_plex_libraries_plex_key", "plex_libraries", ["plex_key"], unique=True)
 
@@ -61,7 +66,12 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         "plex_shows",
         sa.Column("id", sa.Integer(), primary_key=True),
         sa.Column("rating_key", sa.String(length=32), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("library_id", sa.Integer(), sa.ForeignKey("plex_libraries.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "library_id",
+            sa.Integer(),
+            sa.ForeignKey("plex_libraries.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
         sa.Column("title", sa.String(length=512), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("summary", sa.Text(), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("year", sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
@@ -69,8 +79,12 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("art_key", sa.String(length=512), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("child_count", sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("added_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
-        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False),
+            "created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False
+        ),
     )
     op.create_index("ix_plex_shows_rating_key", "plex_shows", ["rating_key"], unique=True)
     op.create_index("ix_plex_shows_library_id", "plex_shows", ["library_id"])
@@ -81,12 +95,21 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         "plex_seasons",
         sa.Column("id", sa.Integer(), primary_key=True),
         sa.Column("rating_key", sa.String(length=32), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("show_id", sa.Integer(), sa.ForeignKey("plex_shows.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "show_id",
+            sa.Integer(),
+            sa.ForeignKey("plex_shows.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
         sa.Column("title", sa.String(length=255), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("season_number", sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("thumb_key", sa.String(length=512), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
-        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False),
+            "created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False
+        ),
     )
     op.create_index("ix_plex_seasons_rating_key", "plex_seasons", ["rating_key"], unique=True)
     op.create_index("ix_plex_seasons_show_id", "plex_seasons", ["show_id"])
@@ -96,10 +119,25 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         "plex_items",
         sa.Column("id", sa.Integer(), primary_key=True),
         sa.Column("rating_key", sa.String(length=32), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("library_id", sa.Integer(), sa.ForeignKey("plex_libraries.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "library_id",
+            sa.Integer(),
+            sa.ForeignKey("plex_libraries.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
         sa.Column("kind", sa.String(length=16), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("show_id", sa.Integer(), sa.ForeignKey("plex_shows.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column(
-        sa.Column("season_id", sa.Integer(), sa.ForeignKey("plex_seasons.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=True),
+            "show_id",
+            sa.Integer(),
+            sa.ForeignKey("plex_shows.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=True,
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "season_id",
+            sa.Integer(),
+            sa.ForeignKey("plex_seasons.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=True,
+        ),
         sa.Column("season_number", sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("episode_number", sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("title", sa.String(length=512), nullable=False),
@@ -119,8 +157,12 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("probed_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("markers", sa.JSON(), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("added_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
-        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False),
+            "created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False
+        ),
     )
     op.create_index("ix_plex_items_rating_key", "plex_items", ["rating_key"], unique=True)
     op.create_index("ix_plex_items_library_id", "plex_items", ["library_id"])
@@ -137,14 +179,23 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
     op.create_table(
         "plex_states",
         sa.Column("id", sa.Integer(), primary_key=True),
-        sa.Column("user_id", sa.Integer(), sa.ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
-        sa.Column("item_id", sa.Integer(), sa.ForeignKey("plex_items.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False),
+            "user_id", sa.Integer(), sa.ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "item_id",
+            sa.Integer(),
+            sa.ForeignKey("plex_items.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
         sa.Column("status", sa.String(length=12), server_default="new", nullable=False),
         sa.Column("position_seconds", sa.Integer(), server_default="0", nullable=False),
         sa.Column("watched_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("progress_updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("synced_to_plex", sa.Boolean(), server_default="false", nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False
+        ),
         sa.UniqueConstraint("user_id", "item_id", name="uq_plex_user_item"),
     )
     op.create_index("ix_plex_states_user_id", "plex_states", ["user_id"])

backend/alembic/versions/0045_plex_filter_meta.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Plex section listing (no per-item API calls): rating (audienceRating ~ IMDb), co
 release date, and GIN-indexed genre / director / cast arrays. These also double as the content
 signals a future watch-habit recommender would use.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -33,9 +34,13 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
     op.create_index("ix_plex_items_rating", "plex_items", ["rating"])
     op.create_index("ix_plex_items_content_rating", "plex_items", ["content_rating"])
     op.create_index("ix_plex_items_studio", "plex_items", ["studio"])
-    op.create_index("ix_plex_items_originally_available_at", "plex_items", ["originally_available_at"])
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_plex_items_originally_available_at", "plex_items", ["originally_available_at"]
+    )
     op.create_index("ix_plex_items_genres_gin", "plex_items", ["genres"], postgresql_using="gin")
-    op.create_index("ix_plex_items_directors_gin", "plex_items", ["directors"], postgresql_using="gin")
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_plex_items_directors_gin", "plex_items", ["directors"], postgresql_using="gin"
+    )
     op.create_index("ix_plex_items_cast_gin", "plex_items", ["cast_names"], postgresql_using="gin")
 
 

backend/alembic/versions/0046_plex_people_search.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ finds titles by an actor/director name and ranks those above films that merely m
 their synopsis. A generated column's expression can't be altered in place, so we drop + recreate it
 (and its GIN index). `people_text` is populated on the next Plex sync.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0047_plex_collections.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ A `plex_collections` table holds each collection's card metadata; membership is
 combinable filter and a title's "collection strip" is a pure local lookup. `editable` marks the
 (curated) collections we may later write back to Plex; everything is read-only by default.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -27,7 +28,12 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         "plex_collections",
         sa.Column("id", sa.Integer(), primary_key=True),
         sa.Column("rating_key", sa.String(length=32), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("library_id", sa.Integer(), sa.ForeignKey("plex_libraries.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "library_id",
+            sa.Integer(),
+            sa.ForeignKey("plex_libraries.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
         sa.Column("title", sa.String(length=512), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("summary", sa.Text(), nullable=True),
         sa.Column("thumb_key", sa.String(length=512), nullable=True),
@@ -35,16 +41,32 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         sa.Column("smart", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default="false"),
         sa.Column("editable", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False, server_default="false"),
         sa.Column("synced_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.text("now()"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
-        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.text("now()"), nullable=False),
+            "created_at",
+            sa.DateTime(timezone=True),
+            server_default=sa.text("now()"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "updated_at",
+            sa.DateTime(timezone=True),
+            server_default=sa.text("now()"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
+    )
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_plex_collections_rating_key", "plex_collections", ["rating_key"], unique=True
     )
-    op.create_index("ix_plex_collections_rating_key", "plex_collections", ["rating_key"], unique=True)
     op.create_index("ix_plex_collections_library_id", "plex_collections", ["library_id"])
 
     op.add_column("plex_items", sa.Column("collection_keys", postgresql.JSONB(), nullable=True))
-    op.create_index("ix_plex_items_collections_gin", "plex_items", ["collection_keys"], postgresql_using="gin")
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_plex_items_collections_gin", "plex_items", ["collection_keys"], postgresql_using="gin"
+    )
     op.add_column("plex_shows", sa.Column("collection_keys", postgresql.JSONB(), nullable=True))
-    op.create_index("ix_plex_shows_collections_gin", "plex_shows", ["collection_keys"], postgresql_using="gin")
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_plex_shows_collections_gin", "plex_shows", ["collection_keys"], postgresql_using="gin"
+    )
 
 
 def downgrade() -> None:

backend/alembic/versions/0048_plex_playlists.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Plex account (like plex_states) — the "your own lists" counterpart to the shar
 collections. `plex_playlists` is owned by a user; `plex_playlist_items` holds the ordered entries
 (`position`). `plex_rating_key` is reserved for an optional later Plex-direction sync.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -24,11 +25,23 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
     op.create_table(
         "plex_playlists",
         sa.Column("id", sa.Integer(), primary_key=True),
-        sa.Column("user_id", sa.Integer(), sa.ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
+            "user_id", sa.Integer(), sa.ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False
+        ),
         sa.Column("title", sa.String(length=512), nullable=False),
         sa.Column("plex_rating_key", sa.String(length=32), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.text("now()"), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
-        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.text("now()"), nullable=False),
+            "created_at",
+            sa.DateTime(timezone=True),
+            server_default=sa.text("now()"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "updated_at",
+            sa.DateTime(timezone=True),
+            server_default=sa.text("now()"),
+            nullable=False,
+        ),
     )
     op.create_index("ix_plex_playlists_user_id", "plex_playlists", ["user_id"])
 
@@ -36,12 +49,16 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         "plex_playlist_items",
         sa.Column("id", sa.Integer(), primary_key=True),
         sa.Column(
-            "playlist_id", sa.Integer(),
+            "playlist_id",
-            sa.ForeignKey("plex_playlists.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False,
+            sa.Integer(),
+            sa.ForeignKey("plex_playlists.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=False,
         ),
         sa.Column(
-            "item_id", sa.Integer(),
+            "item_id",
-            sa.ForeignKey("plex_items.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), nullable=False,
+            sa.Integer(),
+            sa.ForeignKey("plex_items.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
+            nullable=False,
         ),
         sa.Column("position", sa.Integer(), nullable=False, server_default="0"),
         sa.UniqueConstraint("playlist_id", "item_id", name="uq_plex_playlist_item"),

backend/alembic/versions/0049_download_display_meta.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ and captures yt-dlp's canonical channel/uploader URL so an auto-filled channel b
   overrides (like display_name — display metadata only, never touches the on-disk file).
 - download_jobs.extra_links: optional list of extra reference URLs shown on the card + watch page.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -26,7 +27,9 @@ depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
 
 def upgrade() -> None:
     op.add_column("media_assets", sa.Column("uploader_url", sa.Text(), nullable=True))
-    op.add_column("download_jobs", sa.Column("display_uploader", sa.String(length=255), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column(
+        "download_jobs", sa.Column("display_uploader", sa.String(length=255), nullable=True)
+    )
     op.add_column("download_jobs", sa.Column("display_uploader_url", sa.Text(), nullable=True))
     op.add_column("download_jobs", sa.Column("extra_links", sa.JSON(), nullable=True))
 

backend/alembic/versions/0050_asset_poster.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ download shows a blank image box. The worker now extracts a representative frame
 saves it as a poster sidecar; `poster_path` (relative to download_root) records it so the card /
 watch page / link preview can fall back to it. Nullable — only set when there was no thumbnail.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0051_plex_link.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ state with a Plex account. The owner MVP uses the server admin token (uses_admin
 token); a personal token column is reserved for later friend-account linking (PIN OAuth). See the
 PlexLink model docstring.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0052_plex_show_meta.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ blob folded into the generated `search_vector` (weight B). This lets the TV grid
 sorted like the movie grid. A generated column's expression can't be altered in place, so the
 search_vector is dropped + recreated. All new columns are populated on the next Plex sync.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa
@@ -57,9 +58,13 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
     op.create_index("ix_plex_shows_rating", "plex_shows", ["rating"])
     op.create_index("ix_plex_shows_content_rating", "plex_shows", ["content_rating"])
     op.create_index("ix_plex_shows_studio", "plex_shows", ["studio"])
-    op.create_index("ix_plex_shows_originally_available_at", "plex_shows", ["originally_available_at"])
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_plex_shows_originally_available_at", "plex_shows", ["originally_available_at"]
+    )
     op.create_index("ix_plex_shows_genres_gin", "plex_shows", ["genres"], postgresql_using="gin")
-    op.create_index("ix_plex_shows_directors_gin", "plex_shows", ["directors"], postgresql_using="gin")
+    op.create_index(
+        "ix_plex_shows_directors_gin", "plex_shows", ["directors"], postgresql_using="gin"
+    )
     op.create_index("ix_plex_shows_cast_gin", "plex_shows", ["cast_names"], postgresql_using="gin")
     # NB: ix_plex_shows_collections_gin already exists (created with collections in 0047).
 

backend/alembic/versions/0053_user_session_epoch.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ current_user rejects any cookie whose epoch is stale. Bumped on password reset,
 or "log out everywhere" — so a stolen/copied client-side cookie dies on those events instead of
 staying valid until it expires. Existing rows default to 0 (matching a fresh cookie's absent/0 epoch).
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0054_audit_log.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0054_audit_log
 Revises: 0053_user_session_epoch
 Create Date: 2026-07-12
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0055_channel_keywords.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0055_channel_keywords
 Revises: 0054_audit_log
 Create Date: 2026-07-12
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0056_plex_people.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0056_plex_people
 Revises: 0055_channel_keywords
 Create Date: 2026-07-19
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op
@@ -23,8 +24,12 @@ def upgrade() -> None:
         # A representative proxied headshot URL (or NULL when none is available). Captured
         # opportunistically from an item's rich metadata (info-page view + the rich re-sync).
         sa.Column("photo_thumb", sa.Text(), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column(
-        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False),
+            "created_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False
+        ),
+        sa.Column(
+            "updated_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=sa.func.now(), nullable=False
+        ),
     )
     op.create_index("ix_plex_people_name", "plex_people", ["name"], unique=True)
 

backend/alembic/versions/0057_plex_ppl_enriched.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Revision ID: 0057_plex_ppl_enriched
 Revises: 0056_plex_people
 Create Date: 2026-07-19
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op
@@ -17,7 +18,9 @@ depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
 
 def upgrade() -> None:
     for tbl in ("plex_items", "plex_shows"):
-        op.add_column(tbl, sa.Column("people_enriched_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True))
+        op.add_column(
+            tbl, sa.Column("people_enriched_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True)
+        )
 
 
 def downgrade() -> None:

backend/alembic/versions/0058_dl_default_720p.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Best still one click away. Re-seeds the builtin rows so fresh installs and exist
 (same mechanism as 0040). Existing jobs are unaffected (they snapshot their spec; a profile_id that
 pointed at a replaced row just SET NULLs).
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0059_dl_link_pw_version.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ did NOT invalidate outstanding grants — they lived out their 6h TTL. Fold a pe
 into the signed grant and bump it on every password change, so a rotation revokes old grants at once.
 Small table (one row per share link), so this is a quick add-column with a default.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0060_plex_jsonb_null_normalize.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ This one-time data fixup rewrites those scalars to SQL NULL so the columns are u
 forward-only: a SQL NULL is indistinguishable from the old JSON `null` to every reader (the guards
 treat both as "not an array"), so there is nothing meaningful to downgrade. No schema change.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op
@@ -25,9 +26,7 @@ _COLS = ("genres", "directors", "cast_names", "collection_keys")
 def upgrade() -> None:
     for table in _TABLES:
         for col in _COLS:
-            op.execute(
+            op.execute(f"UPDATE {table} SET {col} = NULL WHERE jsonb_typeof({col}) = 'null'")
-                f"UPDATE {table} SET {col} = NULL WHERE jsonb_typeof({col}) = 'null'"
-            )
 
 
 def downgrade() -> None:

backend/alembic/versions/0061_dl_job_error_code.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ small category code (`unavailable` / `login_required` / `geo_blocked` / `format_
 a retry makes sense, keeping the raw text as a technical-detail disclosure. Nullable; only set on the
 error path. Forward-only — an existing errored row simply has NULL until its next failure/retry.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0062_drop_redundant_idx.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ Redundant index -> the composite that already covers it:
   ix_plex_states_user_id              <- uq_plex_user_item (user_id, item_id)
   ix_plex_playlist_items_playlist_id  <- uq_plex_playlist_item (playlist_id, item_id)
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0063_plex_library_overlay.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ OVERLAY library is the Hungarian-metadata twin of another section: it is never b
 its titles' HU fields are written onto the matched EN rows (paired by `guid`, see 0064). Cheap:
 metadata-only, no table rewrite.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0064_plex_hu_overlay_cols.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Run BEFORE the first HU overlay sync: while the *_hu columns are all NULL the ge
 is trivial. ADD only (no drop/rebuild of the EN search_vector). NOTE: adding a STORED generated
 column + its GIN takes an ACCESS EXCLUSIVE lock and rewrites the table — brief, but flag it on prod.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0065_plex_detail_fields.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ so the data step below resets `people_enriched_at` to NULL on movie/show rows: t
 each once (60/run, self-throttled) and stamps the new columns. ADD-only, all nullable → no table
 rewrite, no generated column, no ACCESS EXCLUSIVE lock (unlike 0064).
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 import sqlalchemy as sa

backend/alembic/versions/0066_notif_created_at_notnull.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ schema allowed NULL — a model/schema drift the new migration drift-test (E1 S2
 server_default has filled every row since day one, so no NULLs exist; enforcing NOT NULL just makes the
 schema match the contract the model already promises. Pure DDL, reversible.
 """
+
 from typing import Sequence, Union
 
 from alembic import op

backend/alembic/versions/0067_feed_sort_indexes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+"""feed sort indexes: published_at DESC NULLS LAST composite(s) for the default feed (PERF-1)
+
+The feed's default `newest` sort is `published_at DESC NULLS LAST, id ASC` (feedquery.order_by), but the
+only published_at index was a plain ASC btree (`ix_videos_published_at`). A btree read backwards satisfies
+`DESC NULLS FIRST`, not the `DESC NULLS LAST` the query asks for, so the planner could not use it for
+ordering — every feed page fell back to a full `videos` scan + top-N sort. Measured on a prod-sized reseed
+(257k videos): the default page went from ~44.8k shared buffers (dev planner) / ~169k (prod planner, the
+per-channel nested loop that is the likely "prod feed is slow" root cause) down to ~624 buffers with the
+matching index.
+
+This adds two indexes in the exact feed order:
+  - ix_videos_published_at_desc  (published_at DESC NULLS LAST, id ASC) — the global feed / Library sort.
+  - ix_videos_channel_pub_desc   (channel_id, published_at DESC NULLS LAST, id ASC) — the per-channel feed
+    (channel page, channel_ids filter). It leads with channel_id, so it is a strict superset of the old
+    single-column `ix_videos_channel_id` (FK cascade, sync upsert, autotag, channel-detail all still ride
+    it) — that redundant index is dropped.
+
+The plain ASC `ix_videos_published_at` stays: it already serves the `oldest` sort (ASC NULLS LAST = btree
+default) as an Index Scan.
+
+CONCURRENTLY (in alembic's autocommit_block, since it can't run inside a transaction) so a live prod builds
+these without blocking reads/writes; downtime ~0. IF (NOT) EXISTS keeps the drift test's
+downgrade->re-upgrade round-trip idempotent.
+"""
+
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+from alembic import op
+
+revision: str = "0067_feed_sort_indexes"
+down_revision: Union[str, None] = "0066_notif_created_at_notnull"
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    with op.get_context().autocommit_block():
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_published_at_desc "
+            "ON videos (published_at DESC NULLS LAST, id ASC)"
+        )
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_channel_pub_desc "
+            "ON videos (channel_id, published_at DESC NULLS LAST, id ASC)"
+        )
+        # Redundant now — ix_videos_channel_pub_desc leads with channel_id (a strict superset).
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_channel_id")
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    with op.get_context().autocommit_block():
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_channel_id ON videos (channel_id)"
+        )
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_channel_pub_desc")
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_published_at_desc")

backend/alembic/versions/0068_published_at_not_null.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""videos.published_at NOT NULL DEFAULT now() (PERF-15)
+
+Every video in practice carries a publish date (0 NULLs in the 257k-row prod-sized reseed), but the
+column was nullable, which forced the feed's keyset predicate into a non-sargable
+`... OR published_at IS NULL` disjunction — blocking the ix_videos_published_at_desc range so deep
+`newest` pages scanned from the top of the index and filtered (51.8k buffers). Making it NOT NULL lets
+the keyset drop that disjunction and take a `published_at <=` range bound (deep page -> ~0.5k buffers).
+
+server_default now() is the safety net for the rare date-less ingest path (the enrich overwrites it with
+the real date); the app-side ingest paths also fall back to now() so they never write an explicit NULL.
+
+Note: `SET NOT NULL` validates with a brief ACCESS EXCLUSIVE lock + one table scan (it cannot run
+CONCURRENTLY). On the prod row count (~235k) that is sub-second; still, it is a short write-blocking lock
+rather than the ~0 of 0067's CONCURRENTLY index build.
+"""
+
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+
+revision: str = "0068_published_at_not_null"
+down_revision: Union[str, None] = "0067_feed_sort_indexes"
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    # Backfill any stray NULLs first so SET NOT NULL can't fail (0 in prod, but be safe).
+    op.execute("UPDATE videos SET published_at = now() WHERE published_at IS NULL")
+    op.alter_column("videos", "published_at", nullable=False, server_default=sa.text("now()"))
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.alter_column("videos", "published_at", nullable=True, server_default=None)

backend/alembic/versions/0069_job_index_hygiene.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+"""scheduler-job partial indexes + boolean-index cleanup (PERF-17/18/3)
+
+Two scheduler jobs full-seq-scanned the 257k-row videos table every run:
+  - PERF-17: enrich_pending (`WHERE enriched_at IS NULL LIMIT N`, every few minutes) — 44.6k buffers /
+    run even when nothing is pending. A partial index over just the pending rows makes it a 1-buffer
+    (empty) index scan.
+  - PERF-18: maintenance revalidate (`WHERE unavailable_since IS NULL ORDER BY last_checked_at NULLS
+    FIRST LIMIT N`, ~300 pages/run) — 44.7k buffers/page; ix_videos_last_checked_at had idx_scan=0. A
+    partial index in that exact order serves it as an index scan (~36 buffers/page) and replaces the
+    unused plain one.
+
+PERF-3: the videos table also carried plain btrees on low-cardinality boolean columns the planner never
+picks (a `col IS false` majority predicate can't ride a btree). Drop the never-useful ones (is_short,
+via_explore) and slim the rest to partial indexes over the small/shrinking subset the job queries target
+(via_search=true, NOT shorts_probed, unavailable_since IS NOT NULL) — less write amplification on the
+biggest table, same lookups. live_status is left alone (a separate finding).
+
+All CONCURRENTLY (autocommit_block) — downtime ~0; IF (NOT) EXISTS keeps the drift test's
+downgrade->re-upgrade idempotent.
+"""
+
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+from alembic import op
+
+revision: str = "0069_job_index_hygiene"
+down_revision: Union[str, None] = "0068_published_at_not_null"
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    with op.get_context().autocommit_block():
+        # PERF-17: enrich-pending partial (empty when nothing is pending -> 1-buffer scan).
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_enrich_pending "
+            "ON videos (id) WHERE enriched_at IS NULL"
+        )
+        # PERF-18: maintenance revalidate order, as a partial in the exact WHERE + ORDER BY shape.
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_recheck_order "
+            "ON videos (last_checked_at ASC NULLS FIRST) WHERE unavailable_since IS NULL"
+        )
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_last_checked_at")
+        # PERF-3: drop the never-picked boolean btrees; slim the rest to partials over the target subset.
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_is_short")
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_via_explore")
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_via_search")
+        # Predicate MUST match the query's `.is_(True)`/`.is_(False)` form (SQL `IS TRUE`/`IS FALSE`):
+        # Postgres's partial-index prover does NOT match a `col IS TRUE` clause to a bare `col` predicate,
+        # so `WHERE via_search` / `WHERE NOT shorts_probed` would leave the queries seq-scanning.
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_via_search "
+            "ON videos (id) WHERE via_search IS TRUE"
+        )
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_shorts_probed")
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_shorts_probed "
+            "ON videos (id) WHERE shorts_probed IS FALSE"
+        )
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_unavailable_since")
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_unavailable_since "
+            "ON videos (unavailable_since) WHERE unavailable_since IS NOT NULL"
+        )
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    with op.get_context().autocommit_block():
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_enrich_pending")
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_recheck_order")
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_last_checked_at "
+            "ON videos (last_checked_at)"
+        )
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_is_short ON videos (is_short)"
+        )
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_via_explore ON videos (via_explore)"
+        )
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_via_search")
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_via_search ON videos (via_search)"
+        )
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_shorts_probed")
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_shorts_probed ON videos (shorts_probed)"
+        )
+        op.execute("DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF EXISTS ix_videos_unavailable_since")
+        op.execute(
+            "CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY IF NOT EXISTS ix_videos_unavailable_since "
+            "ON videos (unavailable_since)"
+        )

backend/alembic/versions/0070_fold_maintenance_batch.py

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+"""Fold the maintenance re-validation batch from app_state into sysconfig (B-core-11)
+
+The admin-tunable `maintenance_revalidate_batch` lived in its own `app_state` column with a
+hand-rolled override-or-default reader in `app.state`, duplicating the sysconfig SPECS pattern. It's
+now a sysconfig key (`system_config` store), so every admin knob lives in one place. This migration
+carries any existing override into the sysconfig store, then drops the dead column. Reversible.
+"""
+
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+
+revision: str = "0070_fold_maintenance_batch"
+down_revision: Union[str, None] = "0069_job_index_hygiene"
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    # Preserve a customized override: copy it into the sysconfig store before the column goes.
+    op.execute(
+        """
+        INSERT INTO system_config (key, value, encrypted)
+        SELECT 'maintenance_revalidate_batch', maintenance_revalidate_batch::text, false
+        FROM app_state
+        WHERE id = 1 AND maintenance_revalidate_batch IS NOT NULL
+        ON CONFLICT (key) DO NOTHING
+        """
+    )
+    op.drop_column("app_state", "maintenance_revalidate_batch")
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.add_column(
+        "app_state",
+        sa.Column("maintenance_revalidate_batch", sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
+    )
+    # Carry the value back onto the row, then drop the sysconfig override (symmetric restore).
+    op.execute(
+        """
+        UPDATE app_state SET maintenance_revalidate_batch =
+            (SELECT value::int FROM system_config WHERE key = 'maintenance_revalidate_batch')
+        WHERE id = 1
+          AND EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM system_config WHERE key = 'maintenance_revalidate_batch')
+        """
+    )
+    op.execute("DELETE FROM system_config WHERE key = 'maintenance_revalidate_batch'")

backend/alembic/versions/0071_plex_tmdb_fields.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+"""plex TMDB enrichment columns (E5 S2)
+
+Additive TMDB-sourced fields on plex_items + plex_shows — keywords, full crew, budget/revenue, TMDb
+community score, production companies/countries, recommendations, and a backdrop-path pool — plus a
+`tmdb_id` cache and a `tmdb_enriched_at` watermark. Filled by the new TMDB enrichment job (matched by
+the stored canonical `guid`), SERVED FROM THE ROW (never a live TMDB call). Distinct from the existing
+Plex-sourced `imdb_rating`/`rating`, which are left untouched. Plus `plex_people.tmdb_person_id` (the S2
+foundation for S6's person bios). ADD-only, all nullable → no table rewrite, no ACCESS EXCLUSIVE lock.
+No watermark reset needed: `tmdb_enriched_at` starts NULL, so every eligible row is picked up once.
+"""
+
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+
+revision: str = "0071_plex_tmdb_fields"
+down_revision: Union[str, None] = "0070_fold_maintenance_batch"
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+_TABLES = ("plex_items", "plex_shows")
+
+# (name, type) — same set on both movie/leaf rows and show rows. budget/revenue stay NULL for shows.
+_COLS: tuple[tuple[str, sa.types.TypeEngine], ...] = (
+    ("tmdb_id", sa.Integer()),
+    ("tmdb_enriched_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True)),
+    ("tmdb_rating", sa.Float()),
+    ("tmdb_vote_count", sa.Integer()),
+    ("budget", sa.BigInteger()),
+    ("revenue", sa.BigInteger()),
+    ("keywords", postgresql.JSONB()),
+    ("crew", postgresql.JSONB()),
+    ("studios", postgresql.JSONB()),
+    ("production_countries", postgresql.JSONB()),
+    ("recommendations", postgresql.JSONB()),
+    ("backdrops", postgresql.JSONB()),
+)
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    for t in _TABLES:
+        for name, type_ in _COLS:
+            op.add_column(t, sa.Column(name, type_, nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("plex_people", sa.Column("tmdb_person_id", sa.Integer(), nullable=True))
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.drop_column("plex_people", "tmdb_person_id")
+    for t in _TABLES:
+        for name, _ in reversed(_COLS):
+            op.drop_column(t, name)

backend/alembic/versions/0072_plex_person_bio.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+"""plex person TMDB bio columns (E5 S6)
+
+Additive TMDB-sourced person fields on plex_people — biography, birth/death dates, place of birth,
+known-for department, also-known-as, and a `known_for` credit pool ([{tmdb_id, media_type, title}]
+resolved to library rows by guid at serve time) — plus a `tmdb_enriched_at` watermark. Filled the
+first time a person page is opened (from /person/{tmdb_person_id}), then SERVED FROM THE ROW. The
+`tmdb_person_id` link itself already exists (0071). ADD-only, all nullable → no table rewrite, no
+ACCESS EXCLUSIVE lock. `tmdb_enriched_at` starts NULL, so every person is enriched once on first view.
+"""
+
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+
+revision: str = "0072_plex_person_bio"
+down_revision: Union[str, None] = "0071_plex_tmdb_fields"
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+_COLS: tuple[tuple[str, sa.types.TypeEngine], ...] = (
+    ("biography", sa.Text()),
+    ("birthday", sa.String(length=10)),
+    ("deathday", sa.String(length=10)),
+    ("place_of_birth", sa.Text()),
+    ("known_for_department", sa.String(length=64)),
+    ("also_known_as", postgresql.JSONB()),
+    ("known_for", postgresql.JSONB()),
+    ("tmdb_enriched_at", sa.DateTime(timezone=True)),
+)
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    for name, type_ in _COLS:
+        op.add_column("plex_people", sa.Column(name, type_, nullable=True))
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    for name, _ in reversed(_COLS):
+        op.drop_column("plex_people", name)

backend/alembic/versions/0073_saved_view_source.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+"""saved_views.source (ask 4: per-module saved views)
+
+Saved "smart views" were feed-only; the Plex module now has them too. Add a `source` discriminator
+(default "feed" so every existing row stays a feed view) and widen the per-user unique name constraint
+to (user_id, source, name) so a feed view and a Plex view can share a name. `source` is NOT NULL with a
+server_default, so the ADD is a metadata-only rewrite-free change; the constraint swap is quick on a
+small per-user table.
+"""
+
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+
+revision: str = "0073_saved_view_source"
+down_revision: Union[str, None] = "0072_plex_person_bio"
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    op.add_column(
+        "saved_views",
+        sa.Column("source", sa.String(length=16), nullable=False, server_default="feed"),
+    )
+    op.drop_constraint("uq_user_saved_view", "saved_views", type_="unique")
+    op.create_unique_constraint(
+        "uq_user_source_saved_view", "saved_views", ["user_id", "source", "name"]
+    )
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    # LOSSY / effectively forward-only: upgrade lets a user hold a feed view and a plex view of the same
+    # name, so re-creating the narrow (user_id, name) constraint can raise IntegrityError on such a pair.
+    # De-dup by dropping the non-feed rows first (they can't exist in the pre-0073 schema anyway) so the
+    # narrow constraint re-applies cleanly for the drift test's downgrade→re-upgrade cycle.
+    op.execute("DELETE FROM saved_views WHERE source <> 'feed'")
+    op.drop_constraint("uq_user_source_saved_view", "saved_views", type_="unique")
+    op.create_unique_constraint("uq_user_saved_view", "saved_views", ["user_id", "name"])
+    op.drop_column("saved_views", "source")

backend/app/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# Backend conventions
+
+The rules below are already followed across `backend/app` — they lived only in a few module
+docstrings (`demo.py`, `userscope.py`, `routes/_common.py`) until this file collected them (E3 S3,
+B-core-20). When you add code, match these so the next reader doesn't have to guess "which pattern do
+I copy".
+
+## Module layering
+
+Three layers, by *who* runs the code — not by feature:
+
+1. **`routes/…` — request-only.** A route module holds HTTP concerns: auth dependencies, request/
+   response models, status-code mapping, serialization. It owns logic that runs *only* on a request.
+   Business logic that a request happens to trigger does **not** live here if anything else runs it too.
+
+2. **`plex/`, `downloads/`, `sync/` — domain logic shared by more than one caller.** Anything the
+   **scheduler or the worker** runs (not just a request) lives in one of these domain packages, so the
+   route, the worker, and the scheduler share one definition. Examples from this codebase:
+   `downloads/service.py` owns enqueue + the job state transitions (routes call it); `plex/sync.py` is
+   run by both the admin route and the scheduler; `downloads/pipeline.py` is the worker's child pipeline.
+
+3. **Flat `app/*.py` core modules — cross-cutting primitives.** `auth`, `sysconfig`, `quota`, `audit`,
+   `notifications`, `userscope`, `realtime`, `ratelimit`, `progress`, … are single-file primitives many
+   layers import. They depend on nothing above them (a core module must never import a `routes/…`
+   module).
+
+**Extraction trigger: the SECOND consumer.** Keep new logic inline in its first caller. The moment a
+*second* caller needs it (a worker as well as a route; a scheduler as well as a route), extract it down
+a layer — into the relevant domain package, or a flat core module if it's cross-cutting. Don't
+pre-abstract for a single caller; don't leave shared logic duplicated once there are two.
+
+## Transaction ownership
+
+This follows CLAUDE.md's canonical rule verbatim — **"the handler/job-wrapper commits; helpers flush
+(only `quota` owns its session)"** — so read it that way, not as an exception to it. The commit belongs
+to the **operation owner**; anything called *inside* another transaction only stages its change
+(`db.add` / `flush`) and lets the owner commit, so the whole operation is one transaction.
+`audit.record()` is the reference: it adds the audit row and the caller commits it together with the
+mutation it records, so an audit entry can never exist without its change (or vice-versa).
+
+- The **operation owner** is usually the route handler. A `service.*` operation the handler delegates a
+  whole transition to (e.g. `service.cancel`) *is* that owner and commits its one transition — it isn't
+  a mid-operation helper. A helper that owns its OWN short-lived session (the worker's `jobdb` writes,
+  the same carve-out CLAUDE.md grants `quota`) commits that session. Everything else flushes.
+- `SessionLocal` is `expire_on_commit=False`: after a raw `UPDATE` + commit, an ORM object you already
+  loaded is **stale**. Read the fresh value from the row (RETURNING, or a re-`SELECT`), not the ORM
+  attribute — see `service.decr_ref_count`.
+
+## Shared counters and status: do it atomically at the DB
+
+- **Never read-modify-write a shared counter in Python** (`x.count = x.count + 1`). Concurrent sessions
+  lose an update. Use a DB-atomic statement — `col = col + 1`, or `greatest(col - 1, 0)` with
+  `RETURNING` so the caller branches on the post-value under the row lock (`service.incr_ref_count` /
+  `decr_ref_count`).
+- **Download job status is a `JobStatus` StrEnum** (`downloads/status.py`), not bare strings. The
+  `HOLDING` set defines which states hold a `MediaAsset` (so release accounting stays correct);
+  `STOPPED_BY_ROUTE` is the route-initiated stop set. A worker child's terminal write goes through
+  `service.finalize_if_running` (an atomic `UPDATE … WHERE status='running'`) so a finishing child can't
+  resurrect a job a route just stopped.
+
+## Config: one home per kind
+
+- **`app.config.settings`** — boot/env config (DB URL, download root, worker concurrency): read once at
+  startup, not user-tunable at runtime.
+- **`sysconfig.SPECS`** — the runtime admin knobs (DB-override-or-default). A new admin-tunable value
+  goes in `SPECS`; don't invent a fourth store. (`state.py`'s `maintenance_batch` predates this and is
+  slated to fold into `sysconfig` — do not add more like it.)
+
+## The gate
+
+Everything below must be green before a change is done (run via `siftlode check`):
+`ruff` (backend) · `tsc` ×3 + `eslint` + `prettier` + `knip` (frontend) · `vitest` · `pytest`. The
+pytest lane runs in `backend/docker-compose.test.yml` — an ephemeral Postgres + the backend tree
+bind-mounted — so the DB-backed integration tests (the `db` fixture) actually run; `SIFTLODE_TEST_
+REQUIRE_DB=1` there turns a would-be silent skip into a hard failure. See `docs/development.md`.

backend/app/audit.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ runs are always logged. Secrets are never stored (config changes log the key nam
 mutation it describes, so the trail can't drift from reality (and a rolled-back mutation drops
 its audit row too).
 """
+
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 
 from sqlalchemy import delete

backend/app/auth.py

@@ -41,8 +41,7 @@ log = logging.getLogger("siftlode.auth")
 def google_enabled(db: Session) -> bool:
     """Whether Sign in with Google is available (both client id + secret resolve to non-empty)."""
     return bool(
-        sysconfig.get_str(db, "google_client_id")
+        sysconfig.get_str(db, "google_client_id") and sysconfig.get_str(db, "google_client_secret")
-        and sysconfig.get_str(db, "google_client_secret")
     )
 
 
@@ -125,7 +124,9 @@ def purge_user(db: Session, user: User, background: BackgroundTasks) -> None:
     # ciphertext, so a token row with no refresh token silently failed to revoke). decrypt_optional so a
     # TOKEN_ENCRYPTION_KEY mismatch can't 500 the purge — a best-effort revoke degrades to "skip". (B-core-2)
     google_token = (
-        (decrypt_optional(tok.refresh_token_enc) or decrypt_optional(tok.access_token)) if tok else None
+        (decrypt_optional(tok.refresh_token_enc) or decrypt_optional(tok.access_token))
+        if tok
+        else None
     )
     # Raw delete so Postgres applies ON DELETE CASCADE / SET NULL on every dependent table.
     db.execute(delete(User).where(User.id == user_id))
@@ -197,9 +198,7 @@ def current_user(request: Request, db: Session = Depends(get_db)) -> User:
     return user
 
 
-def optional_current_user(
+def optional_current_user(request: Request, db: Session = Depends(get_db)) -> User | None:
-    request: Request, db: Session = Depends(get_db)
-) -> User | None:
     """Like `current_user` but returns None instead of raising 401 when there's no valid session.
     Used by the bootstrap /api/me probe so the logged-out landing doesn't log a failed request to
     the browser console (a non-2xx fetch is a console error no matter how the app handles it)."""
@@ -215,9 +214,7 @@ def require_human(user: User = Depends(current_user)) -> User:
     no token, so has_read_scope/has_write_scope are False); this makes the boundary explicit
     where there's no scope check to lean on."""
     if user.is_demo:
-        raise HTTPException(
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="Not available in the demo account.")
-            status_code=403, detail="Not available in the demo account."
-        )
     return user
 
 

backend/app/config.py

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     # VPS Caddy front door. A request from any other peer (someone hitting the app port directly)
     # is NOT trusted and its raw socket IP is used, so it can't spoof its rate-limit identity via
     # XFF. Empty = trust no proxy (use the direct peer) — correct for a directly-exposed / local-dev
-    # deploy. Comma-separated. See auth._client_ip + the deploy docs.
+    # deploy. Comma-separated. See routes.auth._client_ip + the deploy docs.
     trusted_proxy_ips: str = ""
 
     # --- Outbound email (onboarding: access-request + approval notices) ---
@@ -169,6 +169,7 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     @property
     def player_client_fallback_list(self) -> list[str]:
         return self._clients(self.download_player_clients_fallback)
+
     # How many downloads the worker runs concurrently (claimed via FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED).
     download_worker_concurrency: int = 2
     # How often (empty pending queue) the worker polls for a new job, in seconds.
@@ -245,6 +246,20 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     # local disk, so the default is fine there.
     plex_hls_dir: str = ""
 
+    # --- TMDB enrichment (E5 S2; optional — enriches the Plex catalog from TMDB) ---
+    # TMDB API key (v3 api_key, 32 hex chars). Server-side only; stored encrypted when set via the
+    # admin Config page. Empty → the TMDB enrichment job no-ops. Feeds keywords / crew / budget /
+    # revenue / TMDb score / recommendations / backdrops onto the mirrored Plex rows, matched by the
+    # stored canonical guid, and SERVED FROM THE DB — never a live TMDB call at serve time.
+    tmdb_api_key: str = ""
+    tmdb_api_base: str = "https://api.themoviedb.org/3"
+    # Metadata language for TMDB fetches (keyword/overview locale). Stored EN by default.
+    tmdb_language: str = "en-US"
+    # How often the TMDB enrichment job fetches a batch of not-yet-enriched Plex titles, in minutes.
+    tmdb_enrich_interval_min: int = 120
+    # Titles fetched per TMDB enrichment run (TMDB is fast + generously rate-limited).
+    tmdb_enrich_batch: int = 100
+
     @property
     def allowed_email_set(self) -> set[str]:
         return {e.strip().lower() for e in self.allowed_emails.split(",") if e.strip()}

backend/app/db.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class Base(DeclarativeBase):
 
 # Pool sized above the sync-endpoint threadpool (~40) so a burst of short DB sessions can't starve on
 # checkout. The image proxies deliberately DON'T hold a connection during their slow external fetch
-# (see routes/plex.py), so this headroom is only for the many brief sessions, not long ones.
+# (see routes/plex/), so this headroom is only for the many brief sessions, not long ones.
 engine = create_engine(
     settings.database_url,
     pool_pre_ping=True,

backend/app/demo.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Shared by the admin's manual reset endpoint (routes/admin.py) and the scheduled
 (scheduler.py). Lives in the service layer, not routes, so the scheduler can call it without an
 `app.routes -> app.scheduler` import cycle (the reason its import used to be lazy).
 """
+
 from sqlalchemy import delete, func, select
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
 
@@ -49,13 +50,17 @@ def _seed_demo_subscriptions(db: Session, demo: User, n: int = 14) -> int:
     Channel manager isn't empty — gives visitors something to explore and matches the landing-page
     screenshot. Idempotent: clears the demo's subscriptions first, then re-adds the top N."""
     db.execute(delete(Subscription).where(Subscription.user_id == demo.id))
-    top = db.execute(
+    top = (
-        select(Video.channel_id)
+        db.execute(
-        .where(Video.channel_id.is_not(None))
+            select(Video.channel_id)
-        .group_by(Video.channel_id)
+            .where(Video.channel_id.is_not(None))
-        .order_by(func.count().desc())
+            .group_by(Video.channel_id)
-        .limit(n)
+            .order_by(func.count().desc())
-    ).scalars().all()
+            .limit(n)
+        )
+        .scalars()
+        .all()
+    )
     for channel_id in top:
         db.add(Subscription(user_id=demo.id, channel_id=channel_id))
     return len(top)

backend/app/downloads/adapters.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Adapters are stateless singletons; get one with `resolve_adapter(source_kind, so
 Resolution works both before extraction (from source_kind / URL host) and after (from the yt-dlp
 `extractor_key` in the info dict), so a non-YouTube "url" job still lands on the right adapter.
 """
+
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 from app.config import settings
@@ -140,8 +141,10 @@ def resolve_adapter(
     def host_is(*domains: str) -> bool:
         return any(_host_is(h, *domains) for h in hosts)
 
-    if source_kind == "youtube" or "youtube" in extractor or host_is(
+    if (
-        "youtube.com", "youtu.be", "youtube-nocookie.com"
+        source_kind == "youtube"
+        or "youtube" in extractor
+        or host_is("youtube.com", "youtu.be", "youtube-nocookie.com")
     ):
         return _YOUTUBE
     if "facebook" in extractor or host_is("facebook.com", "fb.watch"):

backend/app/downloads/backfill.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ URL may have expired — those just get a locally-generated poster instead).
 Run once per environment:
     docker exec siftlode-worker-1 python -c "from app.downloads import backfill; print(backfill.run())"
 """
+
 import logging
 
 import yt_dlp

backend/app/downloads/edit.py

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ Also builds the editor **filmstrip** — a single tiled sprite of the source vid
 scrub track. Cached on the source asset's `storyboard_path` (reserved in phase 1) and reusable
 for a player hover-preview later.
 """
+
 import hashlib
 import json
 import logging
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ class EditAborted(Exception):
 
 # --- edit spec ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
 def normalize_edit_spec(spec: dict | None) -> dict:
     """Canonicalize a raw edit spec: clamp/round trim, coerce crop to ints, drop empties.
 
@@ -140,6 +142,7 @@ def clip_duration(spec: dict, source_duration: int | None) -> int | None:
 
 # --- ffmpeg: trim / crop --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
 def build_edit_cmd(src: Path, dest: Path, spec: dict, out_ext: str) -> list[str]:
     """ffmpeg command for a trim/crop edit. `-progress pipe:1` streams machine-readable progress.
 
@@ -153,8 +156,15 @@ def build_edit_cmd(src: Path, dest: Path, spec: dict, out_ext: str) -> list[str]
     reencode = needs_reencode(spec)
 
     cmd = [
-        "ffmpeg", "-y", "-hide_banner", "-loglevel", "error", "-nostdin",
+        "ffmpeg",
-        "-progress", "pipe:1", "-nostats",
+        "-y",
+        "-hide_banner",
+        "-loglevel",
+        "error",
+        "-nostdin",
+        "-progress",
+        "pipe:1",
+        "-nostats",
     ]
     if start:
         cmd += ["-ss", f"{start:.3f}"]
@@ -170,8 +180,16 @@ def build_edit_cmd(src: Path, dest: Path, spec: dict, out_ext: str) -> list[str]
         if crop:
             cmd += ["-vf", f"crop={crop['w']}:{crop['h']}:{crop['x']}:{crop['y']}"]
         cmd += [
-            "-c:v", "libx264", "-preset", "veryfast", "-crf", "20",
+            "-c:v",
-            "-c:a", "aac", "-b:a", "192k",
+            "libx264",
+            "-preset",
+            "veryfast",
+            "-crf",
+            "20",
+            "-c:a",
+            "aac",
+            "-b:a",
+            "192k",
         ]
     else:
         cmd += ["-c", "copy", "-avoid_negative_ts", "make_zero"]
@@ -204,8 +222,15 @@ def build_concat_plan(src: Path, dest: Path, spec: dict, out_ext: str, staging:
     crop = spec.get("crop")
     prep: dict[Path, str] = {}
     head = [
-        "ffmpeg", "-y", "-hide_banner", "-loglevel", "error", "-nostdin",
+        "ffmpeg",
-        "-progress", "pipe:1", "-nostats",
+        "-y",
+        "-hide_banner",
+        "-loglevel",
+        "error",
+        "-nostdin",
+        "-progress",
+        "pipe:1",
+        "-nostats",
     ]
 
     if needs_reencode(spec):
@@ -218,9 +243,24 @@ def build_concat_plan(src: Path, dest: Path, spec: dict, out_ext: str, staging:
             labels.append(f"[v{i}][a{i}]")
         parts.append(f"{''.join(labels)}concat=n={len(segs)}:v=1:a=1[v][a]")
         cmd = head + [
-            "-i", str(src), "-filter_complex", ";".join(parts),
+            "-i",
-            "-map", "[v]", "-map", "[a]",
+            str(src),
-            "-c:v", "libx264", "-preset", "veryfast", "-crf", "20", "-c:a", "aac", "-b:a", "192k",
+            "-filter_complex",
+            ";".join(parts),
+            "-map",
+            "[v]",
+            "-map",
+            "[a]",
+            "-c:v",
+            "libx264",
+            "-preset",
+            "veryfast",
+            "-crf",
+            "20",
+            "-c:a",
+            "aac",
+            "-b:a",
+            "192k",
         ]
     else:
         listp = staging / "concat.txt"
@@ -314,7 +354,9 @@ def _stop(proc: subprocess.Popen) -> None:
     escalate_kill(proc, proc.terminate, proc.kill, grace_s=5, label="ffmpeg")
 
 
-def run_ffmpeg(cmd, total_s, on_progress, should_cancel, stall_timeout_s=_FFMPEG_STALL_TIMEOUT_S) -> None:
+def run_ffmpeg(
+    cmd, total_s, on_progress, should_cancel, stall_timeout_s=_FFMPEG_STALL_TIMEOUT_S
+) -> None:
     """Run an ffmpeg edit, reporting 0–100 progress and honouring cooperative cancel.
 
     Both pipes are drained by threads (see `_drain_tail`) and the main loop polls on a 1s tick, so
@@ -411,9 +453,20 @@ def probe_codecs(path: Path) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
     stream or if ffprobe fails (a failed probe is treated as 'leave it alone' upstream)."""
     try:
         out = subprocess.run(
-            ["ffprobe", "-v", "error", "-show_entries", "stream=codec_type,codec_name",
+            [
-             "-of", "json", str(path)],
+                "ffprobe",
-            capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30, check=True,
+                "-v",
+                "error",
+                "-show_entries",
+                "stream=codec_type,codec_name",
+                "-of",
+                "json",
+                str(path),
+            ],
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+            timeout=30,
+            check=True,
         ).stdout
     except (subprocess.TimeoutExpired, subprocess.CalledProcessError, OSError):
         return None, None
@@ -425,16 +478,29 @@ def probe_duration(path: Path) -> int:
     re-encode when the yt-dlp info dict carried no `duration` (some URL/live extractions)."""
     try:
         out = subprocess.run(
-            ["ffprobe", "-v", "error", "-show_entries", "format=duration",
+            [
-             "-of", "default=nw=1:nk=1", str(path)],
+                "ffprobe",
-            capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30, check=True,
+                "-v",
+                "error",
+                "-show_entries",
+                "format=duration",
+                "-of",
+                "default=nw=1:nk=1",
+                str(path),
+            ],
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+            timeout=30,
+            check=True,
         ).stdout.strip()
         return int(float(out)) if out else 0
     except (subprocess.TimeoutExpired, subprocess.CalledProcessError, OSError, ValueError):
         return 0
 
 
-def browser_transcode_flags(vcodec: str | None, acodec: str | None, is_mp4: bool) -> tuple[bool, bool, bool]:
+def browser_transcode_flags(
+    vcodec: str | None, acodec: str | None, is_mp4: bool
+) -> tuple[bool, bool, bool]:
     """Decide what (if anything) makes a file universally browser-playable. Returns
     (needs_change, reencode_video, reencode_audio). needs_change=False => already H.264 + AAC/MP3
     in mp4. A None codec (no such stream, or a failed probe) is never re-encoded."""
@@ -443,15 +509,30 @@ def browser_transcode_flags(vcodec: str | None, acodec: str | None, is_mp4: bool
     return (rv or ra or not is_mp4), rv, ra
 
 
-def build_browser_safe_cmd(src: Path, dest: Path, reencode_video: bool, reencode_audio: bool) -> list[str]:
+def build_browser_safe_cmd(
+    src: Path, dest: Path, reencode_video: bool, reencode_audio: bool
+) -> list[str]:
     """ffmpeg command that lands `src` as a browser-safe mp4 (faststart): re-encode only the
     stream(s) that need it (libx264 / aac), stream-copy the rest, always into mp4. `-progress
     pipe:1` streams machine-readable progress for run_ffmpeg."""
     cmd = [
-        "ffmpeg", "-y", "-hide_banner", "-loglevel", "error", "-nostdin",
+        "ffmpeg",
-        "-progress", "pipe:1", "-nostats", "-i", str(src),
+        "-y",
+        "-hide_banner",
+        "-loglevel",
+        "error",
+        "-nostdin",
+        "-progress",
+        "pipe:1",
+        "-nostats",
+        "-i",
+        str(src),
     ]
-    cmd += ["-c:v", "libx264", "-preset", "veryfast", "-crf", "20"] if reencode_video else ["-c:v", "copy"]
+    cmd += (
+        ["-c:v", "libx264", "-preset", "veryfast", "-crf", "20"]
+        if reencode_video
+        else ["-c:v", "copy"]
+    )
     cmd += ["-c:a", "aac", "-b:a", "192k"] if reencode_audio else ["-c:a", "copy"]
     cmd += ["-movflags", "+faststart", str(dest)]
     return cmd
@@ -486,25 +567,63 @@ def build_storyboard_cmd(src: Path, dest: Path, duration_s: int | None, geom: di
     fps = geom["count"] / dur
     vf = f"fps={fps:.6f},scale={_SB_TILE_W}:-2,tile={geom['cols']}x{geom['rows']}"
     return [
-        "ffmpeg", "-y", "-hide_banner", "-loglevel", "error", "-nostdin",
+        "ffmpeg",
-        "-i", str(src), "-frames:v", "1", "-q:v", "5", "-vf", vf, str(dest),
+        "-y",
+        "-hide_banner",
+        "-loglevel",
+        "error",
+        "-nostdin",
+        "-i",
+        str(src),
+        "-frames:v",
+        "1",
+        "-q:v",
+        "5",
+        "-vf",
+        vf,
+        str(dest),
     ]
 
 
 def build_poster_cmd(src: Path, dest: Path, at_s: float) -> list[str]:
     """Grab one representative frame as a poster JPEG. `-ss` before `-i` seeks fast."""
     return [
-        "ffmpeg", "-y", "-hide_banner", "-loglevel", "error", "-nostdin",
+        "ffmpeg",
-        "-ss", f"{max(0.0, at_s):.3f}", "-i", str(src),
+        "-y",
-        "-frames:v", "1", "-q:v", "3", "-vf", "scale=640:-2", str(dest),
+        "-hide_banner",
+        "-loglevel",
+        "error",
+        "-nostdin",
+        "-ss",
+        f"{max(0.0, at_s):.3f}",
+        "-i",
+        str(src),
+        "-frames:v",
+        "1",
+        "-q:v",
+        "3",
+        "-vf",
+        "scale=640:-2",
+        str(dest),
     ]
 
 
 def build_thumbnail_jpg_cmd(src: Path, dest: Path) -> list[str]:
     """Decode a downloaded thumbnail (webp/png/…) to a single baseline JPEG frame."""
     return [
-        "ffmpeg", "-y", "-hide_banner", "-loglevel", "error", "-nostdin",
+        "ffmpeg",
-        "-i", str(src), "-frames:v", "1", "-update", "1", str(dest),
+        "-y",
+        "-hide_banner",
+        "-loglevel",
+        "error",
+        "-nostdin",
+        "-i",
+        str(src),
+        "-frames:v",
+        "1",
+        "-update",
+        "1",
+        str(dest),
     ]
 
 
@@ -550,7 +669,10 @@ def thumbnail_to_jpg(src: Path | None, dest: Path, timeout_s: int = 30) -> Path
             return None
     err = _run_ffmpeg_best_effort(build_thumbnail_jpg_cmd(src, dest), timeout_s)
     if err is not None:
-        log.info("thumbnail->jpg conversion failed (%s); poster falls back to a cut frame", str(err)[:120])
+        log.info(
+            "thumbnail->jpg conversion failed (%s); poster falls back to a cut frame",
+            str(err)[:120],
+        )
         return None
     return dest if dest.exists() else None
 

backend/app/downloads/formats.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ spec shape (all keys optional; defaults applied by `normalize`):
     vcodec         "h264" | "vp9" | "av1" | null (preference, best-effort)
     embed_subs     bool     embed_chapters bool     embed_thumbnail bool     sponsorblock bool
 """
+
 import hashlib
 import json
 
@@ -215,8 +216,6 @@ def build_ydl_opts(
     # jpg/png thumbnail directly and converts anything else to PNG (not the crashing mjpeg2jpeg-to-jpg
     # path), so it never needed the convertor and does not reintroduce the crash.
     if s["embed_thumbnail"]:
-        opts["postprocessors"].append(
+        opts["postprocessors"].append({"key": "EmbedThumbnail", "already_have_thumbnail": True})
-            {"key": "EmbedThumbnail", "already_have_thumbnail": True}
-        )
 
     return opts

backend/app/downloads/gc.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ Five passes each run:
 
 Runs in the API process (which mounts DOWNLOAD_ROOT). Pure disk/DB work — no YouTube quota.
 """
+
 import logging
 import time
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
@@ -40,9 +41,7 @@ _ORPHAN_MIN_AGE_S = 3600  # only sweep files older than this, so an in-flight do
 def _holders(db: Session, asset_id: int) -> list[int]:
     return list(
         db.execute(
-            select(DownloadJob.user_id)
+            select(DownloadJob.user_id).where(DownloadJob.asset_id == asset_id).distinct()
-            .where(DownloadJob.asset_id == asset_id)
-            .distinct()
         ).scalars()
     )
 
@@ -101,7 +100,9 @@ def _sweep_orphan_files(db: Session, download_root: str) -> int:
                 pass
         if entry.is_dir():  # prune emptied dirs (deepest first), then the channel dir itself
             for d in sorted(
-                (p for p in entry.rglob("*") if p.is_dir()), key=lambda p: len(p.parts), reverse=True
+                (p for p in entry.rglob("*") if p.is_dir()),
+                key=lambda p: len(p.parts),
+                reverse=True,
             ):
                 try:
                     d.rmdir()
@@ -121,15 +122,19 @@ def run_download_gc(db: Session) -> dict:
 
     # 1. Pre-expiry warnings.
     warn_before = now + timedelta(days=grace_days)
-    soon = db.execute(
+    soon = (
-        select(MediaAsset).where(
+        db.execute(
-            MediaAsset.status == "ready",
+            select(MediaAsset).where(
-            MediaAsset.gc_notified.is_(False),
+                MediaAsset.status == "ready",
-            MediaAsset.expires_at.is_not(None),
+                MediaAsset.gc_notified.is_(False),
-            MediaAsset.expires_at > now,
+                MediaAsset.expires_at.is_not(None),
-            MediaAsset.expires_at <= warn_before,
+                MediaAsset.expires_at > now,
+                MediaAsset.expires_at <= warn_before,
+            )
         )
-    ).scalars().all()
+        .scalars()
+        .all()
+    )
     for asset in soon:
         _notify_holders(db, asset, "download_expiring")
         asset.gc_notified = True
@@ -138,13 +143,17 @@ def run_download_gc(db: Session) -> dict:
         db.commit()
 
     # 2. Expiry deletion (ready assets past TTL, and any errored leftovers with a TTL).
-    dead = db.execute(
+    dead = (
-        select(MediaAsset).where(
+        db.execute(
-            MediaAsset.status.in_(("ready", "error")),
+            select(MediaAsset).where(
-            MediaAsset.expires_at.is_not(None),
+                MediaAsset.status.in_(("ready", "error")),
-            MediaAsset.expires_at <= now,
+                MediaAsset.expires_at.is_not(None),
+                MediaAsset.expires_at <= now,
+            )
         )
-    ).scalars().all()
+        .scalars()
+        .all()
+    )
     for asset in dead:
         _delete_asset(db, asset, "download_expired")
         expired += 1
@@ -154,17 +163,24 @@ def run_download_gc(db: Session) -> dict:
     # 3. LRU eviction over the total cache cap.
     cap = sysconfig.get_int(db, "download_total_max_bytes")
     if cap > 0:
-        total = db.execute(
+        total = (
-            select(func.coalesce(func.sum(MediaAsset.size_bytes), 0)).where(
+            db.execute(
-                MediaAsset.status == "ready"
+                select(func.coalesce(func.sum(MediaAsset.size_bytes), 0)).where(
-            )
+                    MediaAsset.status == "ready"
-        ).scalar() or 0
+                )
+            ).scalar()
+            or 0
+        )
         if total > cap:
-            candidates = db.execute(
+            candidates = (
-                select(MediaAsset)
+                db.execute(
-                .where(MediaAsset.status == "ready")
+                    select(MediaAsset)
-                .order_by(MediaAsset.last_access_at.asc().nulls_first())
+                    .where(MediaAsset.status == "ready")
-            ).scalars().all()
+                    .order_by(MediaAsset.last_access_at.asc().nulls_first())
+                )
+                .scalars()
+                .all()
+            )
             for asset in candidates:
                 if total <= cap:
                     break
@@ -176,13 +192,17 @@ def run_download_gc(db: Session) -> dict:
     # 4. Reap orphaned errored rows (no file, no holder). get_or_create_asset resets a still-
     #    referenced errored row to pending on re-enqueue, so these only accumulate once every
     #    holder is gone; they carry no expires_at, so passes 1-3 never touch them.
-    orphans = db.execute(
+    orphans = (
-        select(MediaAsset).where(
+        db.execute(
-            MediaAsset.status == "error",
+            select(MediaAsset).where(
-            MediaAsset.ref_count == 0,
+                MediaAsset.status == "error",
-            MediaAsset.rel_path.is_(None),
+                MediaAsset.ref_count == 0,
+                MediaAsset.rel_path.is_(None),
+            )
         )
-    ).scalars().all()
+        .scalars()
+        .all()
+    )
     for asset in orphans:
         db.delete(asset)  # no file to unlink; FK SET NULL clears any stray job.asset_id
         reaped += 1
@@ -194,7 +214,11 @@ def run_download_gc(db: Session) -> dict:
     swept = _sweep_orphan_files(db, settings.download_root)
 
     result = {
-        "warned": warned, "expired": expired, "evicted": evicted, "reaped": reaped, "swept": swept
+        "warned": warned,
+        "expired": expired,
+        "evicted": evicted,
+        "reaped": reaped,
+        "swept": swept,
     }
     log.info("download_gc %s", result)
     return result

backend/app/downloads/jobdb.py

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+"""Short-lived-session DB helpers + staging paths shared by the worker parent and the child pipeline."""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from sqlalchemy import text
+
+from app.config import settings
+from app.db import SessionLocal
+from app.models import DownloadJob, MediaAsset
+
+
+# --- small DB helpers (short-lived sessions; the download itself holds no transaction) -------
+
+
+def _set_job(job_id: int, **fields) -> None:
+    with SessionLocal() as db:
+        job = db.get(DownloadJob, job_id)
+        if job is None:
+            return
+        for k, v in fields.items():
+            setattr(job, k, v)
+        db.commit()
+
+
+def _job_status(job_id: int) -> str | None:
+    with SessionLocal() as db:
+        return db.execute(
+            text("SELECT status FROM download_jobs WHERE id = :id"), {"id": job_id}
+        ).scalar()
+
+
+def _touch_job(job_id: int) -> None:
+    """Bump a running job's `updated_at` without changing any value — a stall-watchdog heartbeat for
+    phases that legitimately write no progress. Extraction writes nothing, and a multi-client-set
+    fallback re-writes identical values (progress 0 / phase 'downloading'), so ORM `onupdate` would
+    NOT fire and two slow extraction attempts could otherwise cross the stall timeout and be killed
+    mid-extraction though they'd have succeeded."""
+    with SessionLocal() as db:
+        db.execute(
+            text("UPDATE download_jobs SET updated_at=now() WHERE id=:id AND status='running'"),
+            {"id": job_id},
+        )
+        db.commit()
+
+
+def _requeue_if_running(job_id: int, phase: str) -> None:
+    """Put the job back to 'queued' for a later retry, but ONLY while it is still 'running'. The
+    route flips status to paused/cancelled to stop a job; a blind `status='queued'` here would
+    clobber that and silently revive a job the user just cancelled. The conditional WHERE makes the
+    requeue a no-op unless we still own a running job."""
+    with SessionLocal() as db:
+        db.execute(
+            text(
+                "UPDATE download_jobs SET status='queued', phase=:phase, updated_at=now() "
+                "WHERE id=:id AND status='running'"
+            ),
+            {"id": job_id, "phase": phase},
+        )
+        db.commit()
+
+
+def _reset_asset_pending(asset_id: int) -> None:
+    with SessionLocal() as db:
+        asset = db.get(MediaAsset, asset_id)
+        if asset and asset.status == "downloading":
+            asset.status = "pending"
+            db.commit()
+
+
+def _staging_dir(asset_id: int) -> Path:
+    return Path(settings.download_root) / ".staging" / f"asset-{asset_id}"
+
+
+def _edit_staging_dir(asset_id: int) -> Path:
+    return Path(settings.download_root) / ".staging" / f"edit-{asset_id}"

backend/app/downloads/links.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ require a short-lived signed **grant** on the file request — because a `<video
 header, the password is exchanged once at `/unlock` for an HMAC grant appended to the file URL,
 so the raw password never rides in the media URL (or server logs).
 """
+
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 import secrets
@@ -27,10 +28,9 @@ def is_expired(link: DownloadLink) -> bool:
 
 # --- signed grants (password-protected file access) ----------------------------------------
 
+
 def _sign(msg: str) -> str:
-    return hmac.new(
+    return hmac.new(settings.secret_key.encode(), msg.encode(), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()[:32]
-        settings.secret_key.encode(), msg.encode(), hashlib.sha256
-    ).hexdigest()[:32]
 
 
 def make_grant(token: str, password_version: int, now: float | None = None) -> str:
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ def check_grant(token: str, grant: str | None, password_version: int) -> bool:
 
 # --- serialization -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
 def owner_view(link: DownloadLink, base_url: str = "") -> dict:
     """What the file owner sees when managing their links."""
     return {
@@ -72,7 +73,9 @@ def owner_view(link: DownloadLink, base_url: str = "") -> dict:
     }
 
 
-def public_meta(link: DownloadLink, job, asset, file_url: str, poster_url: str | None = None) -> dict:
+def public_meta(
+    link: DownloadLink, job, asset, file_url: str, poster_url: str | None = None
+) -> dict:
     """Metadata for the public watch page (only ever returned once access is authorized).
 
     Resolves the owner's per-download display overrides (custom title/channel) over the asset's

backend/app/downloads/og.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ This injects per-video OG/Twitter tags into the served HTML so a shared link unf
 video's title, channel and thumbnail. Real browsers ignore the extra tags and hydrate the SPA as
 usual. Password-protected / expired / invalid links fall back to the generic card (no metadata leak).
 """
+
 import html
 import re
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -71,9 +72,7 @@ def _jpeg_size(path: Path) -> tuple[int, int] | None:
 
 def _watch_tags(token: str, db: Session) -> str | None:
     """Build the OG/Twitter meta block for a watch token, or None to keep the generic card."""
-    link = db.execute(
+    link = db.execute(select(DownloadLink).where(DownloadLink.token == token)).scalar_one_or_none()
-        select(DownloadLink).where(DownloadLink.token == token)
-    ).scalar_one_or_none()
     if link is None or linksmod.is_expired(link):
         return None
     url = f"{settings.app_base}/watch/{token}"

backend/app/downloads/pipeline.py

@@ -0,0 +1,634 @@
+"""Child-side download/edit pipeline — the yt-dlp download + ffmpeg edit that runs in the spawned subprocess."""
+
+import logging
+import re
+import shutil
+import time
+from datetime import date, datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import yt_dlp
+
+from app import sysconfig
+from app.config import settings
+from app.db import SessionLocal
+from app.downloads import edit as editmod
+from app.downloads import errors as dlerrors
+from app.downloads import adapters, formats, service, storage
+from app.downloads.jobdb import (
+    _edit_staging_dir,
+    _job_status,
+    _reset_asset_pending,
+    _set_job,
+    _staging_dir,
+    _touch_job,
+)
+from app.downloads.status import JobStatus
+from app.models import DownloadJob, MediaAsset
+from app.notifications import create_notification
+from app.titles import normalize_title
+
+log = logging.getLogger("siftlode.worker")
+
+
+class _Aborted(Exception):
+    """Raised inside the progress hook when the job was paused/canceled mid-download."""
+
+
+# Both progress sources call back FAR faster than the database should be touched: yt-dlp fires its
+# hook per chunk, and ffmpeg's `-progress pipe:1` emits a block of ~12 lines every ~0.5s while
+# run_ffmpeg calls its callbacks once per LINE. Every callback here is a round-trip (`_job_status`
+# opens a session and SELECTs; `_set_job` opens one and UPDATE+COMMITs), so unthrottled they cost
+# ~10^5 queries on a long job. ONE interval, ONE implementation, used by both paths — three
+# hand-rolled copies is how the ffmpeg side ended up unthrottled while the download side was fine.
+_DB_WRITE_INTERVAL_S = 1.0
+_CANCEL_POLL_INTERVAL_S = 1.0
+
+_THUMB_SUFFIXES = (".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".webp")
+# yt-dlp's working files in the staging dir. None of them is ever the finished media, but several
+# CAN be the biggest file there (a video-only per-format stream, an abandoned fragment run), so the
+# staging fallback must exclude them by name — picking one would store e.g. a silent video-only
+# stream as a ready asset.
+_YTDLP_TEMP_RE = re.compile(
+    r"\.part(-Frag\d+)?$"  # in-flight download / fragment
+    r"|\.ytdl$"  # resume state
+    r"|\.temp\.[^.]+$"  # merge/postprocess temp
+    r"|\.f\d+\.[^.]+$",  # per-format stream kept before the merge
+    re.IGNORECASE,
+)
+
+
+def _notify_download_done(db, user_id: int | None, title: str | None, job_id, *, kind: str) -> None:
+    """Post a best-effort 'ready' notice to the owner's inbox — downloads/edits used to finish
+    silently while scheduler jobs and playlist-push already notified (R11 feedback symmetry). A
+    notification failure must never mask the completed job, so it is isolated + rolled back (mirrors
+    scheduler._notify_done). `kind` ("download"/"edit") lets the inbox pick accurate copy; the
+    English title here is only a fallback for an unknown type. `user_id`/`title` are captured by the
+    caller BEFORE its commit, so reading them here needs no post-commit refresh of an expired row."""
+    if user_id is None:
+        return
+    try:
+        create_notification(
+            db,
+            user_id=user_id,
+            type="download_done",
+            title=f"Ready to watch: {title}" if title else "Ready to watch",
+            data={"title": title, "kind": kind},
+        )
+    except Exception:
+        db.rollback()
+        log.exception("failed to write download-done notification for job %s", job_id)
+
+
+def _parse_upload_date(raw) -> date | None:
+    if not raw:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return datetime.strptime(str(raw), "%Y%m%d").date()
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _fill_asset_meta_early(asset_id: int, info: dict) -> None:
+    """Populate an asset's display metadata from yt-dlp's info_dict the first time it's seen
+    (only if not already filled at enqueue from our catalog) — so an ad-hoc URL's row shows a
+    real title + thumbnail while it downloads, not just the URL. Zero extra network cost."""
+    with SessionLocal() as db:
+        asset = db.get(MediaAsset, asset_id)
+        if asset is None or asset.title:
+            return
+        # `or info.get("id")` avoids a blank card while downloading when the cleaned title is empty
+        # (e.g. a title that was only a social engagement prefix); the completion path later sets
+        # the final title with its own source_ref fallback.
+        asset.title = normalize_title(info.get("title")) or info.get("id")
+        asset.uploader = info.get("uploader") or info.get("channel")
+        asset.uploader_url = adapters.resolve_adapter(None, None, info).uploader_url(info)
+        asset.thumbnail_url = info.get("thumbnail")
+        asset.duration_s = int(info["duration"]) if info.get("duration") else None
+        asset.upload_date = _parse_upload_date(info.get("upload_date"))
+        asset.source_webpage_url = info.get("webpage_url")
+        db.commit()
+
+
+def _make_progress_hook(job_id: int, asset_id: int):
+    state = {"meta_done": False}
+    cancelled = _cancel_poll(job_id)  # same policy as the ffmpeg path
+    allow_write = _rate_limiter(_DB_WRITE_INTERVAL_S)
+
+    def hook(d: dict) -> None:
+        # Cooperative pause/cancel: if the job is no longer 'running', abort the download.
+        if cancelled():
+            raise _Aborted
+        if not state["meta_done"] and d.get("info_dict"):
+            state["meta_done"] = True
+            try:
+                _fill_asset_meta_early(asset_id, d["info_dict"])
+            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001 — metadata is best-effort, never fail a download
+                pass
+        if d.get("status") != "downloading":
+            return
+        if not allow_write():
+            return
+        # yt-dlp downloads the video and audio streams SEPARATELY (each 0→100%), then merges.
+        # Label the phase so the user understands the bar resetting between streams instead of
+        # seeing a mysterious 95%→5% jump.
+        info = d.get("info_dict") or {}
+        vcodec = info.get("vcodec") or "none"
+        acodec = info.get("acodec") or "none"
+        if vcodec != "none" and acodec == "none":
+            phase = "video"
+        elif acodec != "none" and vcodec == "none":
+            phase = "audio"
+        else:
+            phase = "media"
+        total = d.get("total_bytes") or d.get("total_bytes_estimate") or 0
+        done = d.get("downloaded_bytes") or 0
+        pct = int(done * 100 / total) if total else 0
+        _set_job(
+            job_id,
+            progress=min(pct, 99),
+            speed_bps=int(d["speed"]) if d.get("speed") else None,
+            eta_s=int(d["eta"]) if d.get("eta") else None,
+            phase=phase,
+        )
+
+    return hook
+
+
+def _rate_limiter(interval_s: float, *, now=time.monotonic):
+    """`should_run()` → True at most once per `interval_s` (the first call always passes).
+    `now` is injectable so tests drive a clock instead of patching the global one."""
+    # `None`, not 0.0: "never ran" has to be a VALUE, not a falsy timestamp. A truthiness test here
+    # reads a legitimate `now() == 0.0` as "never ran" and lets a second call straight through —
+    # unreachable with real `time.monotonic()`, but `now` exists to be injected, and a test clock
+    # starting at 0 is the obvious choice. That would let a throttle test encode the wrong
+    # behaviour and still pass.
+    state: dict[str, float | None] = {"at": None}
+
+    def should_run() -> bool:
+        t = now()
+        last = state["at"]
+        if last is not None and t - last < interval_s:
+            return False
+        state["at"] = t
+        return True
+
+    return should_run
+
+
+def _cancel_poll(job_id: int, interval_s: float = _CANCEL_POLL_INTERVAL_S, *, now=time.monotonic):
+    """Cooperative "has this job been paused/cancelled?" poll, rate-limited and sticky: once it
+    says yes it never queries again. Shared by the yt-dlp hook and run_ffmpeg so cancel latency is
+    one policy, not one per call site."""
+    allow = _rate_limiter(interval_s, now=now)
+    state = {"cancelled": False}
+
+    def cancelled() -> bool:
+        if not state["cancelled"] and allow():
+            state["cancelled"] = _job_status(job_id) not in ("running", None)
+        return state["cancelled"]
+
+    return cancelled
+
+
+def _ffmpeg_progress_writer(job_id: int, phase: str, *, now=time.monotonic):
+    """`on_progress` for run_ffmpeg: persist a progress row write at most once per interval and only
+    when the whole-percent value changed (the bar shows integers), plus a separate once-per-interval
+    heartbeat while the percent is stuck (so a slow re-encode isn't mistaken for a stall)."""
+    # Progress writes have their OWN 1/interval budget so a heartbeat can never delay a real write (the
+    # round-1 concern). The heartbeat, in turn, is gated on `last_touch` — the last DB write OR beat —
+    # so a progress write (which already refreshes updated_at) suppresses a redundant heartbeat that
+    # same interval, keeping active downloads at ~1 write/interval, not two.
+    allow_write = _rate_limiter(_DB_WRITE_INTERVAL_S, now=now)
+    state = {"pct": -1}
+    last_touch: dict = {"t": None}  # monotonic time of the last DB write/heartbeat
+
+    def write(pct: float) -> None:
+        whole = int(pct)
+        if whole != state["pct"]:
+            if allow_write():
+                state["pct"] = whole
+                _set_job(job_id, progress=whole, phase=phase)
+                last_touch["t"] = now()
+            return
+        # Same integer percent, but ffmpeg IS still working — a slow re-encode (AV1/VP9 -> H.264 or a
+        # crop on the CPU-only host) can sit on one percent for minutes. Heartbeat updated_at so the
+        # stall watchdog doesn't kill a live job (B-sub-4) — but only if no write/beat already touched
+        # the row this interval, so a progressing download doesn't pay a redundant write.
+        t = now()
+        if last_touch["t"] is None or t - last_touch["t"] >= _DB_WRITE_INTERVAL_S:
+            _touch_job(job_id)
+            last_touch["t"] = t
+
+    return write
+
+
+def _pp_phase(pp: str) -> str:
+    """Map a yt-dlp postprocessor class name to a user-facing phase label. ffmpeg post-steps
+    aren't byte-progress operations (no %), so the UI shows the step name + an indeterminate
+    pulse — this makes the long merge/finalize legible instead of a silent 'Processing'."""
+    if "Merg" in pp:
+        return "merging"
+    if "ExtractAudio" in pp:
+        return "audio_extract"
+    if "Thumbnail" in pp:
+        return "thumbnail"
+    if "SponsorBlock" in pp or "ModifyChapters" in pp:
+        return "sponsorblock"
+    if "Metadata" in pp:
+        return "metadata"
+    return "processing"
+
+
+def _make_pp_hook(job_id: int):
+    """Postprocessor hook: surface the current ffmpeg step so the bar shows a concrete label
+    (Merging / Embedding thumbnail / …) instead of freezing at 100% after the streams finish."""
+
+    def hook(d: dict) -> None:
+        if d.get("status") in ("started", "processing"):
+            _set_job(
+                job_id, phase=_pp_phase(d.get("postprocessor") or ""), speed_bps=None, eta_s=None
+            )
+
+    return hook
+
+
+def _find_thumbnail(staging: Path, media: Path) -> Path | None:
+    for p in staging.iterdir():
+        if p != media and p.suffix.lower() in _THUMB_SUFFIXES:
+            return p
+    return None
+
+
+def _produced_file(info: dict, staging: Path) -> Path:
+    """The media file yt-dlp actually wrote.
+
+    `requested_downloads[0].filepath` is the authoritative answer on YouTube, but an arbitrary-URL
+    extractor may not fill it in at all — and `Path("")` is `Path(".")`, which *passes* `.exists()`,
+    so a missing value used to sail past the fallback and blow up two steps later (`with_name` on an
+    empty name: the BBC-news failure). Anything that isn't a real file counts as absent; then fall
+    back to the largest file left in staging that is neither a thumbnail nor one of yt-dlp's own
+    working files (see `_YTDLP_TEMP_RE`)."""
+    req = (info.get("requested_downloads") or [{}])[0]
+    fp = (
+        req.get("filepath") or req.get("_filename") or info.get("filepath") or info.get("_filename")
+    )
+    if fp:
+        produced = Path(str(fp))
+        if produced.is_file():
+            return produced
+    cands = [
+        p
+        for p in staging.iterdir()
+        if p.is_file()
+        and p.suffix.lower() not in _THUMB_SUFFIXES
+        and not _YTDLP_TEMP_RE.search(p.name)
+    ]
+    if not cands:
+        raise RuntimeError("yt-dlp produced no output file")
+    return max(cands, key=lambda p: p.stat().st_size)
+
+
+def _media_info(info: dict) -> dict:
+    """Unwrap a playlist/multi_video extraction to the entry that carries the download.
+
+    A single non-YouTube page (a news article's video, a multi-rendition embed) can extract as a
+    wrapper whose own dict has no `requested_downloads` — the media lives on an entry. Pick the
+    FIRST entry that actually downloaded something: on a page with a skipped teaser in front of the
+    real video, entries[0] carries no file, and taking it blindly would label the produced file
+    with the wrong id/title/duration."""
+    entries = [e for e in (info.get("entries") or []) if e]
+    if not entries or info.get("requested_downloads"):
+        return info
+    chosen = next((e for e in entries if e.get("requested_downloads")), entries[0])
+    return {**info, **chosen}
+
+
+def _extract_with_fallback(job_id, asset_id, url, spec, staging, adapter):
+    """Download via yt-dlp using the source `adapter`'s client sets + options. For YouTube the adapter
+    supplies the primary player-client set then a POT-backed fallback (retried on a bot/DRM/format
+    error); other sources make a single attempt. Returns the info dict of the successful attempt."""
+    client_sets = adapter.client_sets()
+    outtmpl = str(staging / "%(id)s.%(ext)s")
+    last_exc: Exception | None = None
+    for i, clients in enumerate(client_sets):
+        opts = formats.build_ydl_opts(
+            spec,
+            outtmpl,
+            _make_progress_hook(job_id, asset_id),
+            extra=adapter.ydl_opts_extra(clients),
+        )
+        opts["postprocessor_hooks"] = [_make_pp_hook(job_id)]
+        _touch_job(job_id)  # stall-watchdog heartbeat: extraction writes no progress, so a slow /
+        # multi-client-set fallback would otherwise cross the stall timeout with a stale updated_at.
+        # (Per-ATTEMPT only; a single extract_info that itself runs past the stall timeout is still
+        # killed — acceptable, as socket_timeout + extractor_retries bound one attempt well under it.)
+        try:
+            with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(opts) as ydl:
+                return ydl.extract_info(url, download=True)
+        except yt_dlp.utils.DownloadError as exc:
+            last_exc = exc
+            if i < len(client_sets) - 1 and adapter.retriable(str(exc)):
+                log.info(
+                    "job %s: clients %s failed (%s); retrying with fallback",
+                    job_id,
+                    clients,
+                    str(exc)[:70],
+                )
+                for p in list(staging.iterdir()):  # drop partials before the retry
+                    try:
+                        p.unlink()
+                    except OSError:
+                        pass
+                _set_job(job_id, progress=0, phase="downloading")
+                continue
+            raise
+    raise last_exc  # unreachable (loop either returns or raises)
+
+
+def _download_settings() -> tuple[str, int]:
+    """Layout + retention days from the DB config (admin-overridable on the Configuration page),
+    falling back to the env defaults. Read here, not from `settings`, so an admin edit takes effect."""
+    with SessionLocal() as db:
+        return (
+            sysconfig.get_str(db, "download_layout"),
+            sysconfig.get_int(db, "download_retention_days"),
+        )
+
+
+def _ensure_browser_playable(job_id: int, produced: Path, spec: dict, info: dict) -> Path:
+    """Make an mp4-compat-profile download play in every browser: H.264 + AAC/MP3 in mp4. If the
+    download (whatever the source shipped) isn't already that, re-encode the offending stream(s) —
+    or just remux when the codecs are fine but the container isn't. **Scope:** only the mp4 compat
+    profile is normalized; an explicit `vcodec` or a non-mp4 custom profile is the user opting out
+    of the guarantee and is left as-is (so a `webm` profile can still ship VP9/Opus). Returns the
+    file to store (converted, or the original) and corrects `info`'s codec fields to match disk."""
+    if spec.get("container") != "mp4" or spec.get("vcodec"):
+        return produced
+    vcodec, acodec = editmod.probe_codecs(produced)
+    is_mp4 = produced.suffix.lower() == ".mp4"
+    needs, reenc_v, reenc_a = editmod.browser_transcode_flags(vcodec, acodec, is_mp4)
+    if not needs:
+        return produced
+
+    dest = produced.with_name(produced.stem + ".browser.mp4")
+    action = "re-encode" if (reenc_v or reenc_a) else "remux"
+    log.info(
+        "job %s: %s (v=%s a=%s mp4=%s) -> browser-safe mp4", job_id, action, vcodec, acodec, is_mp4
+    )
+    _set_job(job_id, phase="processing", progress=0, speed_bps=None, eta_s=None)
+    # Prefer the info duration; probe the file when the extractor didn't provide one, so a long
+    # re-encode still shows real progress instead of a frozen 0%.
+    total_s = int(info["duration"]) if info.get("duration") else editmod.probe_duration(produced)
+    editmod.run_ffmpeg(
+        editmod.build_browser_safe_cmd(produced, dest, reenc_v, reenc_a),
+        total_s=total_s,
+        on_progress=_ffmpeg_progress_writer(job_id, "processing"),
+        should_cancel=_cancel_poll(job_id),
+    )
+    produced.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    # Keep the stored asset metadata truthful about what's now on disk.
+    if reenc_v:
+        info["vcodec"] = "h264"
+    if reenc_a:
+        info["acodec"] = "aac"
+    return dest
+
+
+def _download(job_id: int, asset_id: int, source_kind: str, source_ref: str, spec: dict) -> None:
+    staging = _staging_dir(asset_id)
+    try:
+        if staging.exists():
+            shutil.rmtree(staging, ignore_errors=True)
+        staging.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        _set_job(job_id, phase="downloading", progress=0)
+        adapter = adapters.resolve_adapter(source_kind, source_ref)
+        url = service.source_url(source_kind, source_ref)
+        info = _media_info(_extract_with_fallback(job_id, asset_id, url, spec, staging, adapter))
+        # Re-resolve now that yt-dlp's info reveals the true source (a bare/redirected url only
+        # identifies post-extraction) so the .nfo uniqueid type + uploader_url agree on one source.
+        adapter = adapters.resolve_adapter(source_kind, source_ref, info)
+
+        produced = _produced_file(info, staging)
+        produced = _ensure_browser_playable(job_id, produced, spec, info)
+        ext = produced.suffix.lstrip(".").lower()
+        meta = storage.MediaMeta(
+            video_id=info.get("id") or source_ref,
+            title=normalize_title(info.get("title")) or source_ref,
+            uploader=info.get("uploader") or info.get("channel") or "Unknown Channel",
+            upload_date=_parse_upload_date(info.get("upload_date")),
+            uniqueid_type=adapter.nfo_uniqueid_type(),
+            duration_s=int(info["duration"]) if info.get("duration") else None,
+            description=info.get("description"),
+            thumbnail_url=info.get("thumbnail"),
+        )
+
+        layout, retention_days = _download_settings()
+        rel = storage.rel_path(meta, ext, layout, asset_id=asset_id)
+        thumb = _find_thumbnail(staging, produced)
+        # Convert the raw thumbnail (webp/png/jpeg) to a real JPEG ourselves — robustly — for the
+        # poster + og:image sidecar, now that yt-dlp's fatal thumbnail convertor is gone. On failure
+        # this is None and write_sidecars writes no poster, so ensure_poster cuts a frame instead.
+        poster_jpg = editmod.thumbnail_to_jpg(thumb, staging / "poster.jpg")
+        storage.place_file(produced, settings.download_root, rel)
+        nfo_ok = storage.write_sidecars(settings.download_root, rel, meta, poster_jpg)
+
+        final = storage.abs_path(settings.download_root, rel)
+        size = final.stat().st_size if final.exists() else None
+        expires = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(days=retention_days)
+
+        with SessionLocal() as db:
+            asset = db.get(MediaAsset, asset_id)
+            if asset:
+                asset.status = "ready"
+                asset.rel_path = rel
+                asset.size_bytes = size
+                asset.duration_s = meta.duration_s
+                asset.width = int(info["width"]) if info.get("width") else None
+                asset.height = int(info["height"]) if info.get("height") else None
+                asset.container = ext
+                asset.vcodec = (
+                    info.get("vcodec") if info.get("vcodec") not in (None, "none") else None
+                )
+                asset.acodec = (
+                    info.get("acodec") if info.get("acodec") not in (None, "none") else None
+                )
+                asset.title = meta.title
+                asset.uploader = meta.uploader
+                asset.uploader_url = adapter.uploader_url(info)
+                asset.upload_date = meta.upload_date
+                asset.thumbnail_url = meta.thumbnail_url
+                # Record a self-hosted poster for every download: it's the reliable link-preview
+                # (og:image) source — a remote thumbnail, esp. Facebook's signed CDN URL, expires
+                # and can't be relied on cross-origin. write_sidecars already wrote <base>.jpg from
+                # the thumbnail; ensure_poster returns that, or cuts a frame if there was none.
+                asset.poster_path = editmod.ensure_poster(asset, settings.download_root)
+                asset.source_webpage_url = info.get("webpage_url")
+                asset.nfo_written = nfo_ok
+                asset.error = None
+                asset.last_access_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+                asset.expires_at = expires
+            job = db.get(DownloadJob, job_id)
+            # Capture the owner before commit expires the row (avoids a refresh SELECT just to notify).
+            owner_id = job.user_id if job else None
+            fields = {
+                "status": JobStatus.DONE,
+                "progress": 100,
+                "phase": None,
+                "speed_bps": None,
+                "eta_s": None,
+            }
+            if job and not job.display_name and meta.title:
+                # display_name is VARCHAR(255) — clip a long title (see _fill_asset_meta_early).
+                fields["display_name"] = meta.title[:255]
+            # Atomic terminal write: finalizes ONLY while the row is still running, so a child that
+            # finishes just after a route cancel/pause can't resurrect it (see finalize_if_running).
+            finalized = service.finalize_if_running(db, job_id, **fields)
+            db.commit()
+            if finalized:
+                _notify_download_done(db, owner_id, meta.title, job_id, kind="download")
+                log.info("job %s done: %s", job_id, rel)
+
+    except (_Aborted, editmod.EditAborted):
+        # Paused/canceled mid-download or mid-transcode: free the asset for a later retry; keep the
+        # job's status (the route set it to paused/canceled). ref_count is adjusted by the route.
+        _reset_asset_pending(asset_id)
+        log.info("job %s aborted (pause/cancel)", job_id)
+    except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 — surface any failure to the user, keep worker alive
+        msg = str(exc)[:500]
+        with SessionLocal() as db:
+            asset = db.get(MediaAsset, asset_id)
+            if asset:
+                asset.status = "error"
+                asset.error = msg
+            # Atomic fail: only while still running, so a route-set cancel/pause is never overwritten
+            # with `error` (error also holds the asset → would re-open the double-release class).
+            service.finalize_if_running(
+                db,
+                job_id,
+                status=JobStatus.ERROR,
+                error=msg,
+                error_code=dlerrors.classify(msg),
+                phase=None,
+            )
+            db.commit()
+        log.warning("job %s failed: %s", job_id, msg)
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(staging, ignore_errors=True)
+
+
+def _fail_edit(job_id: int, asset_id: int, msg: str) -> None:
+    with SessionLocal() as db:
+        asset = db.get(MediaAsset, asset_id)
+        if asset:
+            asset.status = "error"
+            asset.error = msg
+        # Atomic fail: only while still running (see the download error path).
+        service.finalize_if_running(
+            db,
+            job_id,
+            status=JobStatus.ERROR,
+            error=msg,
+            error_code=dlerrors.classify(msg),
+            phase=None,
+        )
+        db.commit()
+    log.warning("edit job %s failed: %s", job_id, msg)
+
+
+def _process_edit(job_id: int, asset_id: int) -> None:
+    """Produce a per-user trim/crop clip from the source asset's downloaded file via ffmpeg."""
+    with SessionLocal() as db:
+        job = db.get(DownloadJob, job_id)
+        src = db.get(MediaAsset, job.source_asset_id) if job and job.source_asset_id else None
+        edit_spec = dict(job.edit_spec or {}) if job else {}
+        user_id = job.user_id if job else None
+        src_ready = src is not None and src.status == "ready" and bool(src.rel_path)
+        src_rel = src.rel_path if src else None
+        src_w, src_h, src_dur = (
+            (src.width, src.height, src.duration_s) if src else (None, None, None)
+        )
+
+    if not src_ready or not src_rel:
+        _fail_edit(job_id, asset_id, "The source download is no longer available.")
+        return
+    src_path = storage.abs_path(settings.download_root, src_rel)
+    if not src_path.exists():
+        _fail_edit(job_id, asset_id, "The source file is missing.")
+        return
+
+    src_ext = src_path.suffix.lstrip(".").lower() or "mp4"
+    crop = editmod.has_crop(edit_spec)
+    out_ext = "mp4" if editmod.needs_reencode(edit_spec) else src_ext
+    total_s = editmod.clip_duration(edit_spec, src_dur) or src_dur or 0
+    staging = _edit_staging_dir(asset_id)
+
+    try:
+        if staging.exists():
+            shutil.rmtree(staging, ignore_errors=True)
+        staging.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        dest_staging = staging / f"out.{out_ext}"
+
+        _set_job(job_id, phase="editing", progress=0, speed_bps=None, eta_s=None)
+        if edit_spec.get("segments"):
+            cmd, prep = editmod.build_concat_plan(
+                src_path, dest_staging, edit_spec, out_ext, staging
+            )
+            for p, content in prep.items():
+                p.write_text(content, encoding="utf-8")
+        else:
+            cmd = editmod.build_edit_cmd(src_path, dest_staging, edit_spec, out_ext)
+        editmod.run_ffmpeg(
+            cmd,
+            total_s,
+            on_progress=_ffmpeg_progress_writer(job_id, "editing"),
+            should_cancel=_cancel_poll(job_id),
+        )
+        if not dest_staging.exists():
+            raise RuntimeError("ffmpeg produced no output file")
+
+        rel = storage.edit_rel_path(user_id, asset_id, out_ext)
+        storage.place_file(dest_staging, settings.download_root, rel)
+        final = storage.abs_path(settings.download_root, rel)
+        size = final.stat().st_size if final.exists() else None
+        _, retention_days = _download_settings()
+        expires = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(days=retention_days)
+
+        with SessionLocal() as db:
+            asset = db.get(MediaAsset, asset_id)
+            if asset:
+                asset.status = "ready"
+                asset.rel_path = rel
+                asset.size_bytes = size
+                asset.container = out_ext
+                asset.duration_s = total_s or asset.duration_s
+                if crop:
+                    asset.width = edit_spec["crop"]["w"]
+                    asset.height = edit_spec["crop"]["h"]
+                else:
+                    asset.width, asset.height = src_w, src_h
+                asset.error = None
+                asset.last_access_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+                asset.expires_at = expires
+            job = db.get(DownloadJob, job_id)
+            # Capture owner + title before commit expires the rows (avoids a refresh SELECT).
+            owner_id = job.user_id if job else None
+            dl_title = asset.title if asset else None
+            # Atomic terminal write (see the download path): don't resurrect a route-stopped job.
+            finalized = service.finalize_if_running(
+                db, job_id, status=JobStatus.DONE, progress=100, phase=None
+            )
+            db.commit()
+            if finalized:
+                _notify_download_done(db, owner_id, dl_title, job_id, kind="edit")
+                log.info("edit job %s done: %s", job_id, rel)
+
+    except editmod.EditAborted:
+        # Paused/canceled mid-encode: free the asset for a later retry (ref_count is the route's job).
+        _reset_asset_pending(asset_id)
+        log.info("edit job %s aborted (pause/cancel)", job_id)
+    except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 — surface the failure, keep the worker alive
+        _fail_edit(job_id, asset_id, str(exc)[:500])
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(staging, ignore_errors=True)

backend/app/downloads/quota.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Limits come from a per-user DownloadQuota row if the admin set one, else the sys
 Enforcement split: max_jobs + max_bytes are checked at enqueue (they bound holdings); per-user
 max_concurrent is enforced by the worker at claim time (it bounds simultaneous downloads).
 """
+
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 from sqlalchemy import func, select

backend/app/downloads/runner.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Contract: the asset is already claimed ('downloading') by the parent. This proce
 writes the terminal job/asset state itself (done / error, or a cooperative pause via the in-flight
 progress hook), then exits 0. An unexpected crash exits non-zero and the parent fails the job.
 """
+
 import logging
 import sys
 
@@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ def main() -> None:
         return
 
     # Imported here (not at module top) so the child pays the yt-dlp import cost only when it has
-    # real work, and to keep the import graph obvious: runner is a thin entry over worker's helpers.
+    # real work, and to keep the import graph obvious: runner is a thin entry over the pipeline.
-    from app.worker import _download, _process_edit
+    from app.downloads.pipeline import _download, _process_edit
 
     if job_kind == "edit":
         _process_edit(job_id, asset_id)

backend/app/downloads/service.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ cache hit (asset already ready) — marks the job done instantly with no re-down
 handles everything else. State transitions used by the routes (pause/resume/cancel/delete) and
 the worker live in `worker.py` / the routes; this module owns enqueue + asset bookkeeping.
 """
+
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 from sqlalchemy import func, select, update
@@ -112,6 +113,34 @@ def next_queue_pos(db: Session) -> int:
     return (db.execute(select(func.coalesce(func.max(DownloadJob.queue_pos), 0))).scalar() or 0) + 1
 
 
+def incr_ref_count(db: Session, asset_id: int) -> None:
+    """Atomically +1 an asset's hold count AT THE DB. A Python read-modify-write
+    (`asset.ref_count = asset.ref_count + 1`) loses an update when two enqueues of the same
+    (source,format) run in parallel — both read the same value and write the same +1 — leaving the
+    count one short, so the first release can free a file another job still holds (B-sub-5)."""
+    db.execute(
+        update(MediaAsset)
+        .where(MediaAsset.id == asset_id)
+        .values(ref_count=MediaAsset.ref_count + 1)
+        .execution_options(synchronize_session=False)
+    )
+
+
+def decr_ref_count(db: Session, asset_id: int) -> int:
+    """Atomically -1 an asset's hold count (clamped at 0) and RETURN the new value. The caller decides
+    whether to free the asset from the returned count while still holding the row's write lock, so two
+    concurrent releases can't both observe the same pre-decrement value and double-free — Postgres
+    serialises the two UPDATEs on the row lock (B-sub-5). synchronize_session=False: the ORM copy is
+    intentionally left stale; callers read the returned value, not `asset.ref_count`."""
+    return db.execute(
+        update(MediaAsset)
+        .where(MediaAsset.id == asset_id)
+        .values(ref_count=func.greatest(MediaAsset.ref_count - 1, 0))
+        .returning(MediaAsset.ref_count)
+        .execution_options(synchronize_session=False)
+    ).scalar_one()
+
+
 def enqueue(
     db: Session,
     user_id: int,
@@ -138,12 +167,13 @@ def enqueue(
         source_ref=source_ref,
         profile_id=profile_id,
         profile_snapshot=spec,
-        display_name=display_name or (asset.title[:255] if asset.status == "ready" and asset.title else None),
+        display_name=display_name
+        or (asset.title[:255] if asset.status == "ready" and asset.title else None),
         status="queued",
         queue_pos=next_queue_pos(db),
     )
     db.add(job)
-    asset.ref_count = (asset.ref_count or 0) + 1
+    incr_ref_count(db, asset.id)
 
     # Cache hit: the file already exists — no worker round-trip needed.
     if asset.status == "ready":
@@ -212,7 +242,7 @@ def enqueue_edit(
         queue_pos=next_queue_pos(db),
     )
     db.add(job)
-    asset.ref_count = (asset.ref_count or 0) + 1
+    incr_ref_count(db, asset.id)
 
     if asset.status == "ready":  # identical clip already produced for this user → instant
         job.status = "done"
@@ -273,8 +303,83 @@ def release_asset(db: Session, job: DownloadJob) -> None:
     asset = db.get(MediaAsset, job.asset_id)
     if asset is None:
         return
-    asset.ref_count = max(0, (asset.ref_count or 0) - 1)
+    new_count = decr_ref_count(db, asset.id)
-    if asset.ref_count == 0 and asset.status == "ready":
+    if new_count == 0 and asset.status == "ready":
         if asset.rel_path:
             storage.delete_asset_files(settings.download_root, asset.rel_path)
         db.delete(asset)
+
+
+# --- Job state transitions ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The single home for the pause/resume/cancel/delete/redownload transitions + their asset
+# bookkeeping (release, failed-asset reset, fresh-asset rebuild), so the routes are thin callers and
+# the worker/GC could share the same definitions (B-sub-8). Each commits its own transition; the
+# route keeps only auth + HTTP mapping + serialization.
+
+
+def pause(db: Session, job: DownloadJob) -> None:
+    """Pause a queued/running job (a running worker aborts cooperatively via the cancel poll); a no-op
+    in any other state."""
+    if job.status in (JobStatus.QUEUED, JobStatus.RUNNING):
+        job.status = JobStatus.PAUSED
+        db.commit()
+
+
+def resume(db: Session, job: DownloadJob) -> None:
+    """Requeue a paused/errored job for a fresh attempt, clearing its error. If the SHARED asset itself
+    failed, reset it to pending so the worker actually re-downloads — otherwise the requeued job would
+    instantly re-inherit the asset's stale error (the worker short-circuits an errored asset)."""
+    if job.status in (JobStatus.PAUSED, JobStatus.ERROR):
+        job.progress = 0
+        job.error = None
+        job.error_code = None
+        if job.asset_id:
+            asset = db.get(MediaAsset, job.asset_id)
+            if asset and asset.status == "error":  # MediaAsset.status (no enum), not a JobStatus
+                asset.status = "pending"
+                asset.error = None
+        job.status = JobStatus.QUEUED
+        db.commit()
+
+
+def cancel(db: Session, job: DownloadJob) -> None:
+    """Cancel a job unless it's already done/canceled, releasing its asset hold WHILE it still counts
+    as holding — `canceled` ∉ HOLDING, so a later delete won't double-release."""
+    if job.status not in (JobStatus.DONE, JobStatus.CANCELED):
+        release_asset(db, job)  # release while the job still counts as holding
+        job.status = JobStatus.CANCELED
+        db.commit()
+
+
+def delete(db: Session, job: DownloadJob) -> None:
+    """Delete a job, releasing its asset hold first (which frees the file iff this was the last holder)."""
+    release_asset(db, job)
+    db.delete(job)
+    db.commit()
+
+
+def redownload(db: Session, job: DownloadJob) -> None:
+    """Rebuild a finished/failed job's file into a FRESH, private asset (the cache sig is salted with
+    the job id + current asset id, so it never reuses the dedup pool) and requeue the SAME job row —
+    so any public share link (DownloadLink -> job_id) keeps resolving to the newly-downloaded file.
+    The old hold is dropped first (freeing the old file iff this job was its last holder). The caller
+    has already rejected edit clips + still-in-progress jobs (HTTP 409)."""
+    spec = formats.normalize(job.profile_snapshot)
+    sig = formats.format_sig(spec, salt=f"{job.id}:{job.asset_id}")
+    asset = get_or_create_asset(db, job.source_kind, job.source_ref, sig)
+    populate_from_catalog(db, asset)
+    # Drop the old hold BEFORE re-pointing the job — release_asset keys off the job's current asset.
+    release_asset(db, job)
+    incr_ref_count(db, asset.id)
+    job.asset_id = asset.id
+    job.status = JobStatus.QUEUED
+    job.progress = 0
+    job.phase = None
+    job.error = None
+    job.speed_bps = None
+    job.eta_s = None
+    # Re-derive the display name from the freshly cleaned title on completion (else an older, un-cleaned
+    # name would survive the rebuild).
+    job.display_name = None
+    job.queue_pos = next_queue_pos(db)  # tail of the queue, not its stale original slot
+    db.commit()

backend/app/downloads/storage.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Plus a Kodi/Plex-readable `<basename>.nfo` (episodedetails) and `<basename>.jpg`
 a Plex library using a metadata agent picks up rich info. Channel = "show", video = episode,
 date-based — the community-standard mapping for YouTube-in-Plex.
 """
+
 import re
 import shutil
 import unicodedata
@@ -36,9 +37,27 @@ _DROP_CATEGORIES = {"So", "Sk", "Cc", "Cf", "Cs", "Co", "Cn"}
 # that accented names show in non-UTF-8 tools.
 _FOLD_MAP = str.maketrans(
     {
-        "ß": "ss", "ẞ": "SS", "ø": "o", "Ø": "O", "ł": "l", "Ł": "L", "đ": "d", "Đ": "D",
+        "ß": "ss",
-        "ð": "d", "Ð": "D", "þ": "th", "Þ": "Th", "æ": "ae", "Æ": "AE", "œ": "oe", "Œ": "OE",
+        "ẞ": "SS",
-        "ı": "i", "İ": "I", "·": " ", "–": "-", "—": "-",
+        "ø": "o",
+        "Ø": "O",
+        "ł": "l",
+        "Ł": "L",
+        "đ": "d",
+        "Đ": "D",
+        "ð": "d",
+        "Ð": "D",
+        "þ": "th",
+        "Þ": "Th",
+        "æ": "ae",
+        "Æ": "AE",
+        "œ": "oe",
+        "Œ": "OE",
+        "ı": "i",
+        "İ": "I",
+        "·": " ",
+        "–": "-",
+        "—": "-",
     }
 )
 
@@ -174,7 +193,7 @@ def _nfo_xml(meta: MediaMeta) -> str:
         f"  <premiered>{aired}</premiered>",
         f"  <year>{year}</year>",
         f"  <plot>{escape(meta.description or '')}</plot>",
-        f"  <uniqueid type=\"{escape(meta.uniqueid_type)}\" default=\"true\">{escape(meta.video_id)}</uniqueid>",
+        f'  <uniqueid type="{escape(meta.uniqueid_type)}" default="true">{escape(meta.video_id)}</uniqueid>',
     ]
     if meta.duration_s:
         parts.append(f"  <runtime>{round(meta.duration_s / 60)}</runtime>")
@@ -190,9 +209,7 @@ def _sidecar(media: Path, ext: str) -> Path:
     return media.with_suffix(ext)
 
 
-def write_sidecars(
+def write_sidecars(download_root: str, rel: str, meta: MediaMeta, thumb_src: Path | None) -> bool:
-    download_root: str, rel: str, meta: MediaMeta, thumb_src: Path | None
-) -> bool:
     """Write `<basename>.nfo` + `<basename>.jpg` next to the media file. Returns True if written."""
     media = abs_path(download_root, rel)
     try:

backend/app/email.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Gmail SMTP + App Password by default. Deliberately fail-soft: if SMTP isn't conf
 or a send errors, we log and return False so the caller can fall back to in-app
 notifications — email is never load-bearing for the app's core flow.
 """
+
 import logging
 import smtplib
 import ssl
@@ -77,8 +78,7 @@ def send_access_approved(email: str) -> bool:
         "Open Siftlode and sign in, and your YouTube subscriptions feed will be ready:\n\n"
         f"{settings.app_base}\n\n"
         "If you weren't expecting this, you can ignore the message.\n\n"
-        "— Siftlode"
+        "— Siftlode" + (f"\n\nQuestions? Just reply to this email ({admin})." if admin else "")
-        + (f"\n\nQuestions? Just reply to this email ({admin})." if admin else "")
     )
     return _send([email], "You're in — your Siftlode access is approved", body, reply_to=admin)
 
@@ -90,8 +90,7 @@ def send_access_denied(email: str) -> bool:
         "Thanks for your interest in Siftlode. After review, your access request wasn't approved "
         "this time.\n\n"
         "If you think this was a mistake, you're welcome to reply and let us know.\n\n"
-        "— Siftlode"
+        "— Siftlode" + (f"\n\nQuestions? Just reply to this email ({admin})." if admin else "")
-        + (f"\n\nQuestions? Just reply to this email ({admin})." if admin else "")
     )
     return _send([email], "About your Siftlode access request", body, reply_to=admin)
 
@@ -113,9 +112,7 @@ def send_account_unsuspended(to: str, operator: str | None) -> bool:
     body = (
         "Hi,\n\n"
         "Your Siftlode account has been reinstated — the suspension was lifted and you can sign "
-        "in again."
+        "in again." + contact + "\n\n— Siftlode"
-        + contact
-        + "\n\n— Siftlode"
     )
     return _send([to], "Your Siftlode account has been reinstated", body, reply_to=operator)
 
@@ -130,9 +127,7 @@ def send_account_deleted(to: str, operator: str | None) -> bool:
         "Hi,\n\n"
         "Your Siftlode account and all associated data — subscriptions, tags, watch history, "
         "playlists and settings — have been permanently deleted. Nothing is retained.\n\n"
-        "Thanks for having used Siftlode."
+        "Thanks for having used Siftlode." + contact + "\n\n— Siftlode"
-        + contact
-        + "\n\n— Siftlode"
     )
     return _send([to], "Your Siftlode account has been deleted", body, reply_to=operator)
 
@@ -147,9 +142,7 @@ def send_account_suspended(to: str, operator: str | None) -> bool:
     body = (
         "Hi,\n\n"
         "A sign-in to your Siftlode account was just attempted, but the account is currently "
-        "suspended, so access was denied.\n\n"
+        "suspended, so access was denied.\n\n" + contact + "— Siftlode"
-        + contact
-        + "— Siftlode"
     )
     return _send([to], "Your Siftlode account is suspended", body, reply_to=operator)
 

backend/app/feedquery.py

@@ -100,12 +100,24 @@ def serialize(row) -> dict:
     }
 
 
+def tags_by_category(db: Session, tag_ids: list[int]) -> dict[str, list[int]]:
+    """Group tag ids by their category (language/topic/other). The single source for the category split
+    shared by the feed's tag WHERE (filtered_query) and the facet/count summary (feed_summary), so the
+    two can't disagree on which selected tag belongs to which category."""
+    if not tag_ids:
+        return {}  # skip the pointless `WHERE id IN ()` round-trip on the no-tag-filter hot path
+    out: dict[str, list[int]] = {}
+    for tid, cat in db.execute(select(Tag.id, Tag.category).where(Tag.id.in_(tag_ids))).all():
+        out.setdefault(cat, []).append(tid)
+    return out
+
+
 def filtered_query(
     db: Session,
     user: User,
     *,
     tags: list[int],
-    tag_mode: str,
+    tag_modes: dict[str, str],
     channel_ids: list[str],
     q: str | None,
     min_duration: int | None,
@@ -131,11 +143,8 @@ def filtered_query(
     either mode via the VideoState outer join."""
     state = aliased(VideoState)
     status_expr = func.coalesce(state.status, "new")
-    position_expr = func.coalesce(state.position_seconds, 0)
 
-    query = select(*feed_columns(user, state)).join(
+    query = select(*feed_columns(user, state)).join(Channel, Channel.id == Video.channel_id)
-        Channel, Channel.id == Video.channel_id
-    )
 
     if scope == "all":
         # Whole shared catalog; subscription is optional (only for priority sort).
@@ -163,9 +172,14 @@ def filtered_query(
             and_(SearchFind.video_id == Video.id, SearchFind.user_id == user.id),
         )
 
-    query = query.outerjoin(
+    # The state-gated views (watched/hidden/in_progress) only ever return videos that HAVE a
-        state, and_(state.video_id == Video.id, state.user_id == user.id)
+    # video_states row, so an INNER join lets the planner drive from the user's own small video_states
-    )
+    # set (~100 rows) instead of scanning all videos and outer-joining (PERF-16). status is NOT NULL on
+    # a present row (server_default 'new'), so the raw-column filters below match the coalesce form
+    # exactly. 'unwatched'/'all' include row-less 'new' videos, so they keep the outer join.
+    state_required = show in ("watched", "hidden", "in_progress")
+    join_state = query.join if state_required else query.outerjoin
+    query = join_state(state, and_(state.video_id == Video.id, state.user_id == user.id))
 
     # Hide videos the maintenance job has flagged as currently unplayable (deleted/private/
     # abandoned). They're either deleted after a grace period or unhidden if they recover;
@@ -179,9 +193,7 @@ def filtered_query(
     # asking for scope=all + channel_ids (the channel is in this accessible set).
     accessible_explore = (
         select(Subscription.channel_id).where(Subscription.user_id == user.id)
-    ).union(
+    ).union(select(ExploredChannel.channel_id).where(ExploredChannel.user_id == user.id))
-        select(ExploredChannel.channel_id).where(ExploredChannel.user_id == user.id)
-    )
     query = query.where(
         or_(
             Video.via_explore.is_(False),
@@ -226,13 +238,9 @@ def filtered_query(
         query = query.where(Video.duration_seconds <= max_duration)
     if max_age_days is not None:
         cutoff = datetime.now(timezone.utc).timestamp() - max_age_days * 86400
-        query = query.where(
+        query = query.where(Video.published_at >= datetime.fromtimestamp(cutoff, tz=timezone.utc))
-            Video.published_at >= datetime.fromtimestamp(cutoff, tz=timezone.utc)
-        )
     if published_after is not None:
-        start = datetime.combine(
+        start = datetime.combine(published_after, datetime.min.time(), tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-            published_after, datetime.min.time(), tzinfo=timezone.utc
-        )
         query = query.where(Video.published_at >= start)
     if published_before is not None:
         end = datetime.combine(
@@ -246,15 +254,25 @@ def filtered_query(
     # channel searches work. `rank_expr` (weight-aware ts_rank) drives the "relevance" sort.
     rank_expr = None
     if q:
+        # Resolve the channels whose NAME matches up front (there are only a few hundred channels, so
+        # this is a tiny standalone scan) and match videos by channel_id. ORing an unindexed
+        # `unaccent(channels.title) ILIKE '%q%'` straight into the per-video predicate defeated the
+        # search_vector GIN — the planner detoasted every non-matching tsvector to test the `@@`
+        # (~2.6s/search on the prod-sized set); channel_id.in_(...) keeps the GIN as a BitmapOr branch
+        # (PERF-12). Empty match -> false() so the OR collapses to the text match alone.
+        like = func.unaccent(f"%{q}%")
+        matching_channel_ids = (
+            db.execute(select(Channel.id).where(func.unaccent(Channel.title).ilike(like)))
+            .scalars()
+            .all()
+        )
+        channel_match = (
+            Video.channel_id.in_(matching_channel_ids) if matching_channel_ids else false()
+        )
         ts_str = to_tsquery_str(q)
         if ts_str:
             tsq = func.to_tsquery("public.unaccent_simple", ts_str)
-            query = query.where(
+            query = query.where(or_(Video.search_vector.op("@@")(tsq), channel_match))
-                or_(
-                    Video.search_vector.op("@@")(tsq),
-                    func.unaccent(Channel.title).ilike(func.unaccent(f"%{q}%")),
-                )
-            )
             # Scale ts_rank (a float4) to an integer score so the keyset cursor compares it
             # EXACTLY — a raw float4 vs the float8 cursor value mismatches on round-trip and
             # breaks paging (the same page repeats). 1e6 granularity is ample; ties break on
@@ -262,21 +280,15 @@ def filtered_query(
             rank_expr = cast(func.ts_rank(Video.search_vector, tsq) * 1000000, BigInteger)
         else:
             # No usable tokens (e.g. only punctuation): fall back to a plain substring match.
-            like = func.unaccent(f"%{q}%")
+            query = query.where(or_(func.unaccent(Video.title).ilike(like), channel_match))
-            query = query.where(
-                or_(
-                    func.unaccent(Video.title).ilike(like),
-                    func.unaccent(Channel.title).ilike(like),
-                )
-            )
 
     if tags:
-        # AND across tag categories (e.g. language AND topic narrows), OR within a
+        # AND across tag categories (e.g. language AND topic narrows), OR within a category — unless that
-        # category; the any/all toggle controls multiple topic tags.
+        # category's mode is "and" (its per-category any/all toggle), which requires a channel to carry
-        cat_rows = db.execute(select(Tag.id, Tag.category).where(Tag.id.in_(tags))).all()
+        # ALL its selected tags. ⚠️ feed_summary.passes() reimplements this exact rule in Python for the
-        by_category: dict[str, list[int]] = {}
+        # sidebar count/facets — keep the two in lockstep (equivalence-tested by
-        for tag_id, category in cat_rows:
+        # test_feed_summary_matches_count_plus_facets).
-            by_category.setdefault(category, []).append(tag_id)
+        by_category = tags_by_category(db, tags)
         # Facet counting drops the category being counted so its own chips don't zero each
         # other out (standard drill-down faceting: a category's count ignores its own
         # selections but still honours the other categories' filters).
@@ -284,7 +296,7 @@ def filtered_query(
             by_category.pop(exclude_tag_category, None)
         visible = or_(ChannelTag.user_id.is_(None), ChannelTag.user_id == user.id)
         for category, ids in by_category.items():
-            if category == "topic" and tag_mode == "and" and len(ids) > 1:
+            if tag_modes.get(category, "or") == "and" and len(ids) > 1:
                 sub = (
                     select(ChannelTag.channel_id)
                     .where(ChannelTag.tag_id.in_(ids), visible)
@@ -292,9 +304,7 @@ def filtered_query(
                     .having(func.count(func.distinct(ChannelTag.tag_id)) == len(set(ids)))
                 )
             else:
-                sub = select(ChannelTag.channel_id).where(
+                sub = select(ChannelTag.channel_id).where(ChannelTag.tag_id.in_(ids), visible)
-                    ChannelTag.tag_id.in_(ids), visible
-                )
             query = query.where(Video.channel_id.in_(sub))
 
     # Content type: Normal / Shorts / Live·Upcoming as a union of enabled types.
@@ -315,20 +325,98 @@ def filtered_query(
     if show == "unwatched":
         query = query.where(status_expr.notin_(("watched", "hidden")))
     elif show == "in_progress":
-        # Started but not finished: a stored resume position, not yet watched/hidden.
+        # Started but not finished: a stored resume position, not yet watched/hidden. INNER-joined
+        # (state_required) so the raw state columns are safe and the planner can use video_states.
         query = query.where(
-            and_(position_expr > 0, status_expr.notin_(("watched", "hidden")))
+            and_(state.position_seconds > 0, state.status.notin_(("watched", "hidden")))
         )
     elif show == "watched":
-        query = query.where(status_expr == "watched")
+        query = query.where(state.status == "watched")
     elif show == "hidden":
-        query = query.where(status_expr == "hidden")
+        query = query.where(state.status == "hidden")
     else:  # all
         query = query.where(status_expr != "hidden")
 
     return query, rank_expr
 
 
+def feed_summary(db: Session, user: User, **params) -> dict:
+    """Single-pass replacement for /feed/count + 3x /facets (PERF-13): the sidebar's total video count
+    and every tag's distinct-channel facet count, derived in Python from ONE grouped query instead of
+    four full passes over the subscribed set on every filter change.
+
+    The one query is the base filter with the TAG predicate removed, grouped by channel: it yields every
+    channel that has a matching video, with its video count. From that ~few-hundred-row map we compute:
+      - count  = sum of the video counts of the channels that pass the SELECTED tag filter;
+      - facets = per tag, the number of distinct channels that carry it AND pass the drill-down filter
+                 (the tag's own category dropped, unless it's a conjunctive topic-AND — mirroring the
+                 old /facets exclude_tag_category logic exactly).
+    Tag matching is channel-based, identical to filtered_query's tag block (AND across categories, OR
+    within, a category in "and" mode requires ALL its selected tags)."""
+    tag_modes = params.get("tag_modes", {})
+
+    # ONE pass: per-channel video counts for the base filter, tags stripped so every candidate channel
+    # is present to facet over.
+    base, _rank = filtered_query(db, user, **{**params, "tags": []})
+    ch_col = base.with_only_columns(Video.channel_id).subquery()
+    channel_counts: dict[str, int] = dict(
+        db.execute(select(ch_col.c.channel_id, func.count()).group_by(ch_col.c.channel_id)).all()
+    )
+    if not channel_counts:
+        return {"count": 0, "facets": {}}
+
+    # channel -> its visible tag ids, plus each tag's category (for grouping the facet output).
+    visible = or_(ChannelTag.user_id.is_(None), ChannelTag.user_id == user.id)
+    channel_tags: dict[str, set[int]] = {}
+    tag_category: dict[int, str] = {}
+    for cid, tid, cat in db.execute(
+        select(ChannelTag.channel_id, ChannelTag.tag_id, Tag.category)
+        .join(Tag, Tag.id == ChannelTag.tag_id)
+        .where(visible, ChannelTag.channel_id.in_(channel_counts.keys()))
+    ).all():
+        channel_tags.setdefault(cid, set()).add(tid)
+        tag_category[tid] = cat
+
+    # Selected tags grouped by category (read from Tag via the shared helper, so a selected tag that no
+    # base channel carries still filters everything out for its category — matching the SQL `IN (empty)`
+    # behaviour).
+    selected_by_cat: dict[str, set[int]] = {
+        cat: set(ids) for cat, ids in tags_by_category(db, params.get("tags") or []).items()
+    }
+
+    def passes(ch_tags: set[int], exclude_cat: str | None) -> bool:
+        # The Python mirror of filtered_query's SQL tag block (AND across categories, OR within,
+        # topic-AND requires all selected) — keep in lockstep; see the ⚠️ note there.
+        for cat, sel in selected_by_cat.items():
+            if cat == exclude_cat:
+                continue
+            if tag_modes.get(cat, "or") == "and" and len(sel) > 1:
+                if (
+                    not sel <= ch_tags
+                ):  # conjunctive: channel must carry ALL this category's selected tags
+                    return False
+            elif not (sel & ch_tags):  # disjunctive: channel must carry ANY selected tag
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    count = sum(
+        n for cid, n in channel_counts.items() if passes(channel_tags.get(cid, set()), None)
+    )
+
+    facets: dict[int, int] = {}
+    for category in ("language", "topic", "other"):
+        # Drop this category's own selections so its chips keep independent counts; a conjunctive
+        # topic-AND keeps them (each remaining chip narrows to channels that ALSO have the selected).
+        exclude = None if tag_modes.get(category, "or") == "and" else category
+        for cid, ch_tags in channel_tags.items():
+            if not passes(ch_tags, exclude):
+                continue
+            for tid in ch_tags:
+                if tag_category.get(tid) == category:
+                    facets[tid] = facets.get(tid, 0) + 1
+    return {"count": count, "facets": facets}
+
+
 # --- Keyset (cursor) pagination ---------------------------------------------
 #
 # Each sort is described as an ordered list of key columns (expression + direction
@@ -339,25 +427,58 @@ def filtered_query(
 # and the page boundary is stable even as the scheduler ingests new videos mid-scroll
 # (OFFSET would shift and duplicate/skip rows).
 def sort_keys(sort: str, seed: int, rank_expr=None) -> list[dict]:
-    pub = {"expr": Video.published_at, "asc": False, "nullable": True, "kind": "dt"}
+    pub = {"expr": Video.published_at, "asc": False, "nullable": False, "kind": "dt"}
     table: dict[str, list[dict]] = {
         "newest": [pub],
         "oldest": [{**pub, "asc": True}],
         "views": [{"expr": Video.view_count, "asc": False, "nullable": True, "kind": "num"}],
         "views_asc": [{"expr": Video.view_count, "asc": True, "nullable": True, "kind": "num"}],
-        "duration_desc": [{"expr": Video.duration_seconds, "asc": False, "nullable": True, "kind": "num"}],
+        "duration_desc": [
-        "duration_asc": [{"expr": Video.duration_seconds, "asc": True, "nullable": True, "kind": "num"}],
+            {"expr": Video.duration_seconds, "asc": False, "nullable": True, "kind": "num"}
+        ],
+        "duration_asc": [
+            {"expr": Video.duration_seconds, "asc": True, "nullable": True, "kind": "num"}
+        ],
         "title": [{"expr": func.lower(Video.title), "asc": True, "nullable": True, "kind": "str"}],
-        "title_desc": [{"expr": func.lower(Video.title), "asc": False, "nullable": True, "kind": "str"}],
+        "title_desc": [
-        "subscribers": [{"expr": Channel.subscriber_count, "asc": False, "nullable": True, "kind": "num"}],
+            {"expr": func.lower(Video.title), "asc": False, "nullable": True, "kind": "str"}
-        "subscribers_asc": [{"expr": Channel.subscriber_count, "asc": True, "nullable": True, "kind": "num"}],
+        ],
+        "subscribers": [
+            {"expr": Channel.subscriber_count, "asc": False, "nullable": True, "kind": "num"}
+        ],
+        "subscribers_asc": [
+            {"expr": Channel.subscriber_count, "asc": True, "nullable": True, "kind": "num"}
+        ],
         # Your per-channel priority (set in the channel manager), newest first within a tier.
         # coalesce keeps it null-safe in "all" scope where unsubscribed channels have no row.
-        "priority": [{"expr": func.coalesce(Subscription.priority, 0), "asc": False, "nullable": False, "kind": "num"}, pub],
+        "priority": [
-        "priority_asc": [{"expr": func.coalesce(Subscription.priority, 0), "asc": True, "nullable": False, "kind": "num"}, pub],
+            {
+                "expr": func.coalesce(Subscription.priority, 0),
+                "asc": False,
+                "nullable": False,
+                "kind": "num",
+            },
+            pub,
+        ],
+        "priority_asc": [
+            {
+                "expr": func.coalesce(Subscription.priority, 0),
+                "asc": True,
+                "nullable": False,
+                "kind": "num",
+            },
+            pub,
+        ],
         # Deterministic per-seed shuffle: the same seed yields the same total order, so
         # the cursor stays valid across pages of one shuffled run.
-        "shuffle": [{"expr": func.md5(func.concat(Video.id, str(seed))), "asc": True, "nullable": False, "kind": "str"}],
+        "shuffle": [
+            {
+                "expr": func.md5(func.concat(Video.id, str(seed))),
+                "asc": True,
+                "nullable": False,
+                "kind": "str",
+            }
+        ],
     }
     # Relevance (search-result ranking) only exists when there's a query to rank against;
     # without `rank_expr` it falls through to newest. Ties break by newest, then id.
@@ -383,7 +504,16 @@ def keyset_predicate(keys: list[dict], cursor_id: str):
 
     Lexicographic over the key columns then id, NULL-aware for `nulls_last`: a NULL
     sorts after every non-NULL value, so a cursor sitting on a non-NULL value must
-    also pull in the NULL group, and equality treats NULL == NULL."""
+    also pull in the NULL group, and equality treats NULL == NULL.
+
+    Built recursively so that for a NON-nullable leading key we can prepend a non-strict
+    range bound (`col <= v` for desc / `col >= v` for asc) as an AND conjunct — logically
+    a no-op over the OR of strict-after branches, but it lets the planner bound the index
+    scan instead of scanning from the top and filtering every earlier row (PERF-15: deep
+    `newest` pages went 51.8k -> ~0.5k buffers). A NULLABLE key can't take that bound (the
+    NULL group sorts after every value and `col <= v` would drop it), so it keeps the pure
+    NULL-aware OR form."""
+
     def eq(k):
         return k["expr"].is_(None) if k["value"] is None else k["expr"] == k["value"]
 
@@ -393,11 +523,17 @@ def keyset_predicate(keys: list[dict], cursor_id: str):
         cmp = k["expr"] > k["value"] if k["asc"] else k["expr"] < k["value"]
         return or_(cmp, k["expr"].is_(None)) if k["nullable"] else cmp
 
-    branches = []
+    def rec(i: int):
-    for j in range(len(keys)):
+        if i == len(keys):
-        branches.append(and_(*[eq(keys[i]) for i in range(j)], after(keys[j])))
+            return Video.id > cursor_id  # all keys tied -> break by the unique id
-    branches.append(and_(*[eq(k) for k in keys], Video.id > cursor_id))
+        k = keys[i]
-    return or_(*branches)
+        tail = or_(after(k), and_(eq(k), rec(i + 1)))
+        if not k["nullable"] and k["value"] is not None:
+            bound = k["expr"] >= k["value"] if k["asc"] else k["expr"] <= k["value"]
+            return and_(bound, tail)
+        return tail
+
+    return rec(0)
 
 
 def encode_cursor(keys: list[dict], row) -> str:

backend/app/main.py

@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@ from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
 _siftlode_logger = logging.getLogger("siftlode")
 if not _siftlode_logger.handlers:
     _handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
-    _handler.setFormatter(
+    _handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(levelname)-5s [%(name)s] %(message)s"))
-        logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(levelname)-5s [%(name)s] %(message)s")
-    )
     _siftlode_logger.addHandler(_handler)
     _siftlode_logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
     _siftlode_logger.propagate = False
@@ -140,9 +138,7 @@ async def setup_gate(request, call_next):
             with SessionLocal() as db:
                 configured = state.is_configured_cached(db)
             if not configured:
-                return JSONResponse(
+                return JSONResponse({"detail": "This instance isn't set up yet."}, status_code=503)
-                    {"detail": "This instance isn't set up yet."}, status_code=503
-                )
     return await call_next(request)
 
 

backend/app/models.py

@@ -26,9 +26,7 @@ class TimestampMixin:
     """Adds a server-defaulted `created_at`. Models that index created_at or order it
     differently (QuotaEvent, Notification, Message) keep their own column on purpose."""
 
-    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=func.now())
-        DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=func.now()
-    )
 
 
 class UpdatedAtMixin:
@@ -51,18 +49,14 @@ class User(Base, TimestampMixin):
     password_hash: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(255))
     # Email ownership proven (Google sign-in is implicitly verified; password registration
     # verifies via a link). Login requires this AND is_active.
-    email_verified: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    email_verified: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
     # Admin-approved & enabled. A pending password registration starts inactive; admin
     # approval activates it. A deactivated account can't log in.
     is_active: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=True, server_default="true")
     # Admin-imposed access block, distinct from is_active (approval lifecycle). A suspended
     # account can't sign in by any method and its live sessions are rejected; the user is told
     # why and pointed at the operator's contact. The demo account is never suspendable.
-    is_suspended: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    is_suspended: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
     # Server-side session revocation (SA4): a monotonic counter bumped on password reset, password
     # change, or "log out everywhere". A signed session cookie records the epoch it was minted under;
     # current_user rejects any cookie whose epoch is stale, so a stolen/copied cookie dies on those
@@ -95,9 +89,7 @@ class OAuthToken(Base, UpdatedAtMixin):
     __tablename__ = "oauth_tokens"
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), unique=True)
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), unique=True
-    )
     # Refresh token encrypted at rest (Fernet). Access token is short-lived and low risk.
     refresh_token_enc: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String)
     access_token: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String)
@@ -115,9 +107,7 @@ class AuthToken(Base, TimestampMixin):
     __tablename__ = "auth_tokens"
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
-    )
     kind: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(16))  # "verify" | "reset"
     token_hash: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(64), unique=True, index=True)
     expires_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
@@ -133,9 +123,7 @@ class Invite(Base):
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
     email: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(320), unique=True, index=True)
     # pending | approved | denied
-    status: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+    status: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(16), default="pending", server_default="pending")
-        String(16), default="pending", server_default="pending"
-    )
     note: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
     requested_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
         DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=func.now()
@@ -189,9 +177,7 @@ class Channel(Base, TimestampMixin):
     recent_synced_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
     last_rss_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
     backfill_cursor: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(128))
-    backfill_done: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    backfill_done: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
     # True when this channel only entered the catalog because a live YouTube search
     # surfaced one of its videos (nobody subscribes to it / it has no organic upload sync).
     # Lets the Library hide search-only "noise" by default.
@@ -218,9 +204,7 @@ class Subscription(Base, TimestampMixin):
     __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("user_id", "channel_id", name="uq_user_channel"),)
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
-    )
     channel_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
         ForeignKey("channels.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
     )
@@ -231,9 +215,7 @@ class Subscription(Base, TimestampMixin):
     # Per-user opt-in to full-history (deep) backfill of this channel. Default off so a
     # new user's unique channels don't trigger a big shared-quota burst; the deep
     # scheduler only picks up channels at least one user has requested.
-    deep_requested: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    deep_requested: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
     subscribed_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
 
     user: Mapped["User"] = relationship(back_populates="subscriptions")
@@ -251,14 +233,21 @@ class Video(Base, TimestampMixin):
     __tablename__ = "videos"
 
     id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(16), primary_key=True)  # video id
-    channel_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+    # No standalone channel_id index: the composite `ix_videos_channel_pub_desc`
-        ForeignKey("channels.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
+    # (channel_id, published_at DESC NULLS LAST, id) from migration 0067 leads with channel_id, so it
-    )
+    # serves every channel_id lookup (FK cascade, sync upsert, channel-detail) AND the per-channel feed
+    # sort. Like the search_vector GIN, this composite is migration-defined, not an inline `index=True`.
+    channel_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("channels.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
     title: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)  # normalized for display (see app.titles)
     original_title: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)  # raw YouTube title, preserved
     description: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
-    published_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(
+    # NOT NULL (migration 0068): in reality every video carries a publish date, and a nullable key
-        DateTime(timezone=True), index=True
+    # forced the feed's keyset predicate into a non-sargable `... OR published_at IS NULL` disjunction
+    # that blocked the ix_videos_published_at_desc range (deep pages scanned from the top and filtered —
+    # PERF-15). server_default now() is the safety net for the rare date-less ingest (the enrich fills
+    # the real date); the ix_videos_published_at index stays for the `oldest` sort.
+    published_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
+        DateTime(timezone=True), index=True, nullable=False, server_default=func.now()
     )
     thumbnail_url: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(1024))
     duration_seconds: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer)
@@ -276,27 +265,23 @@ class Video(Base, TimestampMixin):
     # folds YouTube's own relevance judgement into the local search: a video YouTube returned
     # for "ti amo magyarul" becomes findable by that query locally even if its title lacks it.
     search_terms: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
-    is_short: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    # No btree here or on the flag columns below: migration 0069 (PERF-3) dropped the never-picked
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false", index=True
+    # boolean btrees and replaced the useful ones with partial indexes over the target subset
-    )
+    # (via_search=true, NOT shorts_probed, unavailable_since IS NOT NULL) — migration-defined, like the
+    # search_vector GIN.
+    is_short: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
     # Whether the youtube.com/shorts/<id> probe has run for this video.
-    shorts_probed: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    shorts_probed: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false", index=True
-    )
     # True when this video first entered the catalog via a live YouTube search (not an
     # organic channel/playlist sync). Used to hide search-discovered "noise" from the
     # Library by default; left False by the organic ingest paths.
-    via_search: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    via_search: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false", index=True
-    )
     # True when this video entered the catalog because a user EXPLORED its (un-subscribed)
     # channel. Like via_search it's hidden from the shared Library by default, but it's
     # additionally PER-USER private: a via_explore video is only visible to users who
     # explored or subscribe to its channel (a gate in the feed query), so one user's
     # curiosity never floods everyone else's catalog. Left False by the organic ingest paths.
-    via_explore: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    via_explore: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false", index=True
-    )
     # none | live | upcoming | premiere | was_live
     live_status: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
         String(16), default="none", server_default="none", index=True
@@ -306,17 +291,18 @@ class Video(Base, TimestampMixin):
     # maintenance/validation job to decide whether a video is playable anywhere.
     embeddable: Mapped[bool | None] = mapped_column(Boolean)
     privacy_status: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(16))  # public|unlisted|private
-    upload_status: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(16))  # processed|failed|rejected|deleted
+    upload_status: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(
+        String(16)
+    )  # processed|failed|rejected|deleted
     # Maintenance/validation lifecycle. last_checked_at drives the rolling re-validation
     # (least-recently-checked first); unavailable_since marks a video as currently
     # unplayable (hidden from the feed immediately, hard-deleted after a grace period);
     # unavailable_reason records why (deleted|private|paywalled|abandoned|stuck_live).
-    last_checked_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(
+    # last_checked_at: no plain btree — migration 0069 (PERF-18) replaced it with the partial
-        DateTime(timezone=True), index=True
+    # ix_videos_recheck_order (last_checked_at NULLS FIRST WHERE unavailable_since IS NULL) that the
-    )
+    # revalidate job's exact ORDER BY rides; unavailable_since is a partial WHERE IS NOT NULL (PERF-3).
-    unavailable_since: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(
+    last_checked_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
-        DateTime(timezone=True), index=True
+    unavailable_since: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
-    )
     unavailable_reason: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(24))
 
     # Weighted full-text search document (DB-generated, never written by the app): title (A) >
@@ -350,9 +336,7 @@ class Tag(Base, TimestampMixin):
     name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(64))
     color: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(16))
     # language | topic | other
-    category: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+    category: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(16), default="other", server_default="other")
-        String(16), default="other", server_default="other"
-    )
 
 
 class ChannelTag(Base):
@@ -360,21 +344,15 @@ class ChannelTag(Base):
     regenerated freely; source='user' rows are never touched by the system."""
 
     __tablename__ = "channel_tags"
-    __table_args__ = (
+    __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("channel_id", "tag_id", "user_id", name="uq_channel_tag"),)
-        UniqueConstraint("channel_id", "tag_id", "user_id", name="uq_channel_tag"),
-    )
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
     channel_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
         ForeignKey("channels.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
     )
-    tag_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    tag_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("tags.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
-        ForeignKey("tags.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
-    )
     # NULL = system/auto link visible to everyone; set = a specific user's link.
-    user_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
-    )
     source: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(8), default="auto", server_default="auto")
     confidence: Mapped[float | None] = mapped_column(Float)
 
@@ -387,12 +365,8 @@ class VideoState(Base, UpdatedAtMixin):
     __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("user_id", "video_id", name="uq_user_video"),)
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
+    video_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("videos.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
-    )
-    video_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
-        ForeignKey("videos.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
-    )
     # new | watched | hidden  ("saved" is now Watch-later playlist membership, not a status)
     status: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(12), default="new", server_default="new")
     watched_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
@@ -417,12 +391,8 @@ class SearchFind(Base, TimestampMixin):
     __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("user_id", "video_id", name="uq_user_search_video"),)
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
+    video_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("videos.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
-    )
-    video_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
-        ForeignKey("videos.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
-    )
 
 
 class ExploredChannel(Base, TimestampMixin):
@@ -437,14 +407,10 @@ class ExploredChannel(Base, TimestampMixin):
     (from TimestampMixin) is the grace clock; a re-visit refreshes it."""
 
     __tablename__ = "explored_channels"
-    __table_args__ = (
+    __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("user_id", "channel_id", name="uq_user_explored_channel"),)
-        UniqueConstraint("user_id", "channel_id", name="uq_user_explored_channel"),
-    )
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
-    )
     channel_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
         ForeignKey("channels.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
     )
@@ -456,14 +422,10 @@ class BlockedChannel(Base, TimestampMixin):
     views — a personal "never show me this channel again" that doesn't affect other users."""
 
     __tablename__ = "blocked_channels"
-    __table_args__ = (
+    __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("user_id", "channel_id", name="uq_user_blocked_channel"),)
-        UniqueConstraint("user_id", "channel_id", name="uq_user_blocked_channel"),
-    )
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
-    )
     channel_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
         ForeignKey("channels.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
     )
@@ -528,19 +490,12 @@ class AppState(Base):
     __tablename__ = "app_state"
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True, default=1)
-    sync_paused: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    sync_paused: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
-    # Admin override for the maintenance job's rolling re-validation batch (videos re-checked
-    # per run). NULL = use the config/env default (settings.maintenance_revalidate_batch).
-    maintenance_revalidate_batch: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer)
     # First-run install wizard. `configured` is False on a fresh instance (the app runs in
     # setup mode: only the wizard works) and flipped True when the wizard finishes. While
     # unconfigured, a one-time setup token (only its SHA-256 hash stored) gates the wizard;
     # the raw token + URL are printed to the container logs on each startup.
-    configured: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    configured: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
     setup_token_hash: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(64))
 
 
@@ -586,14 +541,10 @@ class Playlist(Base, TimestampMixin, UpdatedAtMixin):
     __tablename__ = "playlists"
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
-    )
     name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255))
     kind: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(16), default="user", server_default="user")
-    source: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+    source: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(16), default="local", server_default="local")
-        String(16), default="local", server_default="local"
-    )
     yt_playlist_id: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(64))
     # True when the current items/name differ from `synced_fingerprint` (unpushed edits).
     dirty: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
@@ -613,45 +564,37 @@ class PlaylistItem(Base):
     """A video's membership in a playlist, with its order within that playlist."""
 
     __tablename__ = "playlist_items"
-    __table_args__ = (
+    __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("playlist_id", "video_id", name="uq_playlist_video"),)
-        UniqueConstraint("playlist_id", "video_id", name="uq_playlist_video"),
-    )
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    playlist_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    playlist_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("playlists.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("playlists.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
+    video_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("videos.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
-    )
-    video_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
-        ForeignKey("videos.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
-    )
     position: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, default=0, server_default="0")
-    added_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
+    added_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=func.now())
-        DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=func.now()
-    )
 
     playlist: Mapped["Playlist"] = relationship(back_populates="items")
 
 
 class SavedView(Base, TimestampMixin, UpdatedAtMixin):
-    """A per-user named snapshot of the feed's filter/sort state (a "smart view").
+    """A per-user named snapshot of a module's filter/sort state (a "smart view").
 
-    `filters` is the serialized FeedFilters JSON the frontend applies with one click.
+    `source` names the module the view belongs to ("feed" | "plex"); `filters` is that module's
-    `position` orders them in the sidebar (drag-reorder); `is_default` marks the one view
+    serialized filter JSON the frontend applies with one click. `position` orders them in the sidebar
-    applied automatically on load — at most one per user, enforced by the API on set."""
+    (drag-reorder, per source); `is_default` marks the one view applied automatically on load — at most
+    one per (user, source), enforced by the API on set. The name is unique per (user, source)."""
 
     __tablename__ = "saved_views"
-    __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("user_id", "name", name="uq_user_saved_view"),)
+    __table_args__ = (
+        UniqueConstraint("user_id", "source", "name", name="uq_user_source_saved_view"),
+    )
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
+    source: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(16), default="feed", server_default="feed")
-    )
     name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(80))
     filters: Mapped[dict] = mapped_column(JSON)
     position: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, default=0, server_default="0")
-    is_default: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    is_default: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
 
 
 class Notification(Base):
@@ -669,19 +612,13 @@ class Notification(Base):
     __tablename__ = "notifications"
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
-    )
     type: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(32), index=True)  # e.g. "maintenance"
     title: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255))
     body: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
     data: Mapped[dict | None] = mapped_column(JSON)
-    read: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    read: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false", index=True)
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false", index=True
+    dismissed: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-    )
-    dismissed: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
     created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(
         DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=func.now(), index=True
     )
@@ -707,9 +644,7 @@ class Message(Base):
     __tablename__ = "messages"
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    kind: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+    kind: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(16), default="user", server_default="user")
-        String(16), default="user", server_default="user"
-    )
     # NULL for system messages (no human sender).
     sender_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(
         ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
@@ -769,13 +704,9 @@ class MediaAsset(Base, TimestampMixin):
     container: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(16))
     vcodec: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(32))
     acodec: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(32))
-    nfo_written: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    nfo_written: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
     # Set once the GC has warned holders of the upcoming expiry, so it doesn't warn every run.
-    gc_notified: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    gc_notified: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
     # Denormalized naming/metadata for the Plex tree + ad-hoc display.
     title: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
     uploader: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(255))
@@ -811,9 +742,7 @@ class DownloadProfile(Base, TimestampMixin):
     )  # NULL for a builtin preset
     name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(80))
     spec: Mapped[dict] = mapped_column(JSON)
-    is_builtin: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    is_builtin: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
     sort_order: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, default=0, server_default="0")
 
 
@@ -838,18 +767,14 @@ class DownloadJob(Base, TimestampMixin, UpdatedAtMixin):
     __table_args__ = (Index("ix_download_jobs_claim", "status", "queue_pos"),)
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
-    )
     asset_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(
         ForeignKey("media_assets.id", ondelete="SET NULL"), index=True
     )
     source_kind: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(16))  # "youtube" | "url"
     source_ref: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(512))
     # "download" (default) or "edit" (a per-user trim/crop derivative of another job).
-    job_kind: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+    job_kind: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(16), default="download", server_default="download")
-        String(16), default="download", server_default="download"
-    )
     # For edit jobs: the parent download this clip is cut from (SET NULL if the parent is deleted).
     source_job_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(
         ForeignKey("download_jobs.id", ondelete="SET NULL")
@@ -878,7 +803,9 @@ class DownloadJob(Base, TimestampMixin, UpdatedAtMixin):
     eta_s: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer)
     phase: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(32))
     error: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)  # raw yt-dlp/ffmpeg text (technical detail)
-    error_code: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(24))  # category, see downloads.errors.classify
+    error_code: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(
+        String(24)
+    )  # category, see downloads.errors.classify
     queue_pos: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, default=0, server_default="0")
 
 
@@ -887,20 +814,14 @@ class DownloadShare(Base, TimestampMixin):
     default). Since assets are already deduped/shared on disk, a share is just an ACL row."""
 
     __tablename__ = "download_shares"
-    __table_args__ = (
+    __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("job_id", "to_user_id", name="uq_download_share"),)
-        UniqueConstraint("job_id", "to_user_id", name="uq_download_share"),
-    )
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    job_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    job_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("download_jobs.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("download_jobs.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
-    )
     from_user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
         ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
     )
-    to_user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    to_user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
-    )
 
 
 class DownloadQuota(Base, UpdatedAtMixin):
@@ -916,9 +837,7 @@ class DownloadQuota(Base, UpdatedAtMixin):
     max_bytes: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(BigInteger)
     max_concurrent: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer)
     max_jobs: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer)
-    unlimited: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    unlimited: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
 
 
 class DownloadLink(Base, TimestampMixin):
@@ -937,12 +856,8 @@ class DownloadLink(Base, TimestampMixin):
         ForeignKey("download_jobs.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
     )
     token: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(64), unique=True)
-    created_by: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(
+    created_by: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
+    allow_download: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-    )
-    allow_download: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
     password_hash: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
     # Bumped whenever the password changes; folded into the signed watch grant so rotating the
     # password immediately invalidates any grants issued under the old one (instead of them living
@@ -1029,10 +944,14 @@ class PlexShow(Base, TimestampMixin, UpdatedAtMixin):
     title: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(512))
     summary: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
     year: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer)
-    thumb_key: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(512))  # Plex thumb path (proxied, not stored)
+    thumb_key: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(
+        String(512)
+    )  # Plex thumb path (proxied, not stored)
     art_key: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(512))
     child_count: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer)  # seasons
-    collection_keys: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))  # Plex collections this show is in
+    collection_keys: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(
+        JSONB(none_as_null=True)
+    )  # Plex collections this show is in
     added_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True), index=True)
     # Filterable / orderable metadata mirrored from the show section listing (parallels PlexItem).
     rating: Mapped[float | None] = mapped_column(Float, index=True)  # Plex audienceRating (~IMDb)
@@ -1045,15 +964,39 @@ class PlexShow(Base, TimestampMixin, UpdatedAtMixin):
     genres: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))
     directors: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))
     cast_names: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))
-    people_text: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)  # cast+directors, folded into search_vector
+    people_text: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(
+        Text
+    )  # cast+directors, folded into search_vector
     # Set once the show's FULL cast has been rich-fetched by the backfill; NULL = still the listing top-3.
     people_enriched_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
     # Rich-fetch-only detail fields, persisted by the same backfill that fills the full cast (E5 S5b) so
     # the info page serves from this row instead of a live plex.metadata() call. NULL until enriched.
-    imdb_rating: Mapped[float | None] = mapped_column(Float)  # IMDb-specific score (vs `rating` = audienceRating)
+    imdb_rating: Mapped[float | None] = mapped_column(
+        Float
+    )  # IMDb-specific score (vs `rating` = audienceRating)
     imdb_id: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(16))  # tt… → the clickable IMDb link
     tagline: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
-    full_cast: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))  # ordered [{name, role, thumb}]
+    full_cast: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(
+        JSONB(none_as_null=True)
+    )  # ordered [{name, role, thumb}]
+    # --- TMDB enrichment (E5 S2): see the identical block on plex_items for the full rationale. Additive;
+    #     served from the row; NULL until enriched. (`budget`/`revenue` stay NULL for shows — TV has none.) ---
+    tmdb_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer)
+    tmdb_enriched_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
+    tmdb_rating: Mapped[float | None] = mapped_column(Float)  # TMDb vote_average (0–10)
+    tmdb_vote_count: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer)
+    budget: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(BigInteger)
+    revenue: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(BigInteger)
+    keywords: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))  # [str]
+    crew: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(
+        JSONB(none_as_null=True)
+    )  # [{name, job, tmdb_id, thumb}]
+    studios: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(
+        JSONB(none_as_null=True)
+    )  # TMDB production companies [str]
+    production_countries: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))  # [str]
+    recommendations: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))
+    backdrops: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))
     # Hungarian-metadata twin fields, written by the overlay sync (E5 S5). NULL = no HU twin matched,
     # so serving falls back to the EN columns. `people_text` is language-neutral, reused for both vectors.
     title_hu: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(512))
@@ -1167,10 +1110,38 @@ class PlexItem(Base, TimestampMixin, UpdatedAtMixin):
     people_enriched_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
     # Rich-fetch-only detail fields, persisted by the same backfill that fills the full cast (E5 S5b) so
     # the info page serves from this row instead of a live plex.metadata() call. NULL until enriched.
-    imdb_rating: Mapped[float | None] = mapped_column(Float)  # IMDb-specific score (vs `rating` = audienceRating)
+    imdb_rating: Mapped[float | None] = mapped_column(
+        Float
+    )  # IMDb-specific score (vs `rating` = audienceRating)
     imdb_id: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(16))  # tt… → the clickable IMDb link
     tagline: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
-    full_cast: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))  # ordered [{name, role, thumb}]
+    full_cast: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(
+        JSONB(none_as_null=True)
+    )  # ordered [{name, role, thumb}]
+    # --- TMDB enrichment (E5 S2): matched by the canonical `guid` ("tmdb:12345"), filled by the TMDB
+    #     backfill job, SERVED FROM THIS ROW (never a live TMDB call). Additive — imdb_rating/rating
+    #     above stay Plex-sourced; `tmdb_rating` is the distinct TMDb community score. NULL until enriched;
+    #     `tmdb_enriched_at` is the "tried" watermark (stamped on a definitive no-match too, so an
+    #     unresolvable title isn't re-fetched every run; left NULL only on a transient fetch error). ---
+    tmdb_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer)
+    tmdb_enriched_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
+    tmdb_rating: Mapped[float | None] = mapped_column(Float)  # TMDb vote_average (0–10)
+    tmdb_vote_count: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer)
+    budget: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(BigInteger)  # USD (movies; TV has none)
+    revenue: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(BigInteger)
+    keywords: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))  # [str]
+    crew: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(
+        JSONB(none_as_null=True)
+    )  # [{name, job, tmdb_id, thumb}]
+    studios: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(
+        JSONB(none_as_null=True)
+    )  # TMDB production companies [str]
+    production_countries: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))  # [str]
+    # [{tmdb_id, title, poster, media_type}] — resolved to library rows (by guid) at serve time.
+    recommendations: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))
+    backdrops: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(
+        JSONB(none_as_null=True)
+    )  # TMDB backdrop file_paths [str] (crossfade pool, S8)
     # Hungarian-metadata twin fields, written by the overlay sync (E5 S5). NULL = no HU twin matched
     # (serving falls back to the EN columns). `people_text` is language-neutral, reused for both vectors.
     title_hu: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(512))
@@ -1211,6 +1182,23 @@ class PlexPerson(Base, TimestampMixin, UpdatedAtMixin):
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
     name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255), unique=True, index=True)
     photo_thumb: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)  # proxied /person-image URL, or None
+    # TMDB person id, linked by name from a title's TMDB credits (E5 S2 lays the foundation; the /person
+    # biography fetch + person-page render land in S6). NULL until a TMDB-enriched title names this person.
+    tmdb_person_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer)
+    # --- TMDB person enrichment (E5 S6): fetched from /person/{tmdb_person_id} the first time the person
+    #     page is opened, then SERVED FROM THE ROW. `tmdb_enriched_at` is the watermark (set even on a
+    #     no-op fetch so it isn't retried every open). `known_for` = top combined-credits [{tmdb_id,
+    #     media_type, title}], resolved to library rows by guid at serve time (like recommendations). ---
+    biography: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
+    birthday: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(10))  # "YYYY-MM-DD", served as-is
+    deathday: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(10))
+    place_of_birth: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text)
+    known_for_department: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(String(64))
+    also_known_as: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(JSONB(none_as_null=True))  # [str]
+    known_for: Mapped[list | None] = mapped_column(
+        JSONB(none_as_null=True)
+    )  # [{tmdb_id, media_type, title}]
+    tmdb_enriched_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
 
 
 class PlexCollection(Base, TimestampMixin, UpdatedAtMixin):
@@ -1245,9 +1233,7 @@ class PlexState(Base, UpdatedAtMixin):
     __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("user_id", "item_id", name="uq_plex_user_item"),)
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
-    )
     item_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
         ForeignKey("plex_items.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
     )
@@ -1257,9 +1243,7 @@ class PlexState(Base, UpdatedAtMixin):
     )
     watched_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
     progress_updated_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime(timezone=True))
-    synced_to_plex: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(
+    synced_to_plex: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, default=False, server_default="false")
-        Boolean, default=False, server_default="false"
-    )
 
 
 class PlexLink(Base, UpdatedAtMixin):
@@ -1314,9 +1298,7 @@ class PlexPlaylistItem(Base):
     __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("playlist_id", "item_id", name="uq_plex_playlist_item"),)
 
     id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
-    playlist_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
+    playlist_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("plex_playlists.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
-        ForeignKey("plex_playlists.id", ondelete="CASCADE")
-    )
     item_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
         ForeignKey("plex_items.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True
     )